<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128</id><updated>2011-12-24T17:15:01.004-01:00</updated><category term='Música'/><category term='Hans Jonas'/><category term='Natal'/><category term='ecologia'/><category term='bem-estar animal'/><category term='ecoética'/><category term='Pesca'/><title type='text'>Biosofia</title><subtitle type='html'>Uma ferramenta pessoal e um repositório de ideias, com a Biologia como tema e o ensino superior como motivação.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>113</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-2006014827859300091</id><published>2011-01-03T23:34:00.001-01:00</published><updated>2011-01-03T23:42:25.872-01:00</updated><title type='text'>TPC</title><content type='html'>&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;i&gt;Bom Dia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Sou aluna da Universidade de XXXX, do curso de XXXX,&amp;nbsp;e no  ambito da disciplia "XXXX" estou a&amp;nbsp;realizar um trabalho  sobre XXXX. Neste sentido, gostaria,  se fosse&amp;nbsp;possivel, que me enviassem mais informação sobre  XXXX.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Desde já agradeço a sua atenção.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cara XXXX,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por esta altura já deveria saber que esta é a pior forma de pedir ajuda a alguém. Mas nunca é tarde para aprender e, além disso, não é a primeira pessoa que me faz este tipo de perguntas. Tenho por isso esta resposta preparada.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se me escreveu sem me conhecer pessoalmente é porque fez alguma pesquisa que a encaminhou até mim. Esse mesmo esforço de pesquisa deveria ter sido dirigido para obter as informações sobre XXXX que me pede. Não acredito que não saiba da existência de um serviço chamado Google. Use-o. Fale com colegas. Vá à biblioteca. Faça o trabalho de casa. E depois, quando for fazer a pergunta, &lt;b&gt;comece por referir aquilo que já sabe&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Trabalhe sobre as informações recolhidas e forme a sua própria opinião sobre o que deve fazer, ou a sua própria compilação dos factos. &lt;b&gt;Explique o que quer fazer, ou explane aquilo que aprendeu, e&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;peça então esclarecimentos ou comentários&lt;/b&gt;.&amp;nbsp;Se por esta altura não conseguiu encontrar a informação de que precisa é porque ela deve ser bem específica, e é legítimo solicitá-la junto de quem a detém.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Se o que precisa é de uma orientação&lt;/b&gt;, não pergunte "O que devo fazer?" &lt;b&gt;Peça antes que lhe indiquem as ferramentas para poder decidir por si própria&lt;/b&gt;: "Qual é o procedimento normal nestes casos?"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em resumo, se me disser o que já sabe sobre XXXX, e me mostrar o que decidiu fazer com isso, eu terei muito gosto em comentar, ou responder aos pedidos específicos que tiver para me fazer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Com os melhores cumprimentos,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;Fontes:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://blogs.hbr.org/glickman/2009/11/how-to-ask-for-help-without-lo.html"&gt;How to ask for help&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.dumblittleman.com/2007/10/how-to-ask-smart-questions.html"&gt;How to ask smart questions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-2006014827859300091?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/2006014827859300091/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=2006014827859300091' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/2006014827859300091'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/2006014827859300091'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2011/01/tpc.html' title='TPC'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-7175378686388888201</id><published>2010-12-22T16:56:00.005-01:00</published><updated>2010-12-22T16:59:35.325-01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='bem-estar animal'/><title type='text'>Impacto científico na legislação europeia sobre bem estar animal</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;DIRECTIVA 2010/63/UE DO PARLAMENTO EUROPEU E DO CONSELHO&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;de 22 de Setembro de 2010&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;relativa à protecção dos animais utilizados para fins científicos&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O bem-estar dos animais é um valor da União, consa­grado no artigo 13º do &lt;a href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:083:0047:0200:PT:PDF"&gt;Tratado sobre o Funcionamento da União Europeia&lt;/a&gt; (TFUE).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Existem &lt;i&gt;novos conhecimentos científicos &lt;/i&gt;a respeito dos factores que influenciam o bem-estar dos animais, assim como a capacidade dos mesmos para sentir e manifestar dor, sofrimento, angústia e dano duradouro. Por conse­guinte, importa melhorar o bem-estar dos animais utili­zados em procedimentos científicos, reforçando as nor­mas mínimas relativas à sua protecção de acordo com a evolução mais recente dos conhecimentos científicos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para além dos animais vertebrados, incluindo os ciclós­tomos, deverão ser igualmente incluídos no âmbito de aplicação da presente directiva os cefalópodes, pois a sua capacidade para sentir dor, sofrimento, angústia e dano duradouro &lt;i&gt;está cientificamente demonstrada&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A presente directiva deverá igualmente abranger formas fetais de mamíferos, pois &lt;i&gt;existem provas científicas&lt;/i&gt; de que essas formas, no último terço do seu período de gestação, apresentam um risco crescente de sentir dor, sofrimento e angústia, o que pode igualmente prejudicar o seu desenvolvimento ulterior. Está igualmente &lt;i&gt;demons­trado cientificamente&lt;/i&gt; que os procedimentos efectuados em formas fetais e embrionárias numa fase mais precoce do seu desenvolvimento podem provocar dor, sofri­mento, angústia ou dano duradouro se essas formas fo­rem mantidas em vida depois dos primeiros dois terços do seu desenvolvimento.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A utilização de grandes símios enquanto espécies mais  próximas dos seres humanos, com capacidades sociais e  comportamentais mais avançadas, só deverá ser permitida  para fins de investigação destinada à conservação dessas  espécies e em casos que exijam medidas relativamente a  condições debilitantes ou que possam pôr em perigo a  vida de seres humanos e em que não existam outras  espécies ou outros métodos alternativos que permitam  atingir os objectivos do procedimento.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-7175378686388888201?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/7175378686388888201/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=7175378686388888201' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7175378686388888201'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7175378686388888201'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2010/12/o-bem-estar-animal-na-ue.html' title='Impacto científico na legislação europeia sobre bem estar animal'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-2541531491972046509</id><published>2010-12-22T12:38:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2010-12-22T12:38:15.892-01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Natal'/><title type='text'>Natal</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.kaspuhl.com/mainfraim%20redesign/PICTURES/Weihnachtskarte_08.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="765" src="http://www.kaspuhl.com/mainfraim%20redesign/PICTURES/Weihnachtskarte_08.jpg" width="450" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;Explêndido trabalho de &lt;a href="http://www.kaspuhl.com/"&gt;Jörn Kasphul&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-2541531491972046509?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.kaspuhl.com/' title='Natal'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/2541531491972046509/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=2541531491972046509' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/2541531491972046509'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/2541531491972046509'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2010/12/natal.html' title='Natal'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-5007459715592410695</id><published>2010-09-04T08:22:00.006Z</published><updated>2010-12-22T12:53:59.664-01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Música'/><title type='text'>What about us?</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe class="youtube-player" frameborder="0" height="405" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/XAi3VTSdTxU" type="text/html" width="500"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E eu, que faço? Entradas num blogue...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Michael Jackson&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;       &lt;td style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about&lt;br /&gt;sunrise &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about rain &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about all the things &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;That you said we were to gain.. . &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about killing fields &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Is there a time &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about all the things &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;That you said was yours and mine... &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Did you ever stop to notice &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;All the blood we've shed before &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Did you ever stop to notice &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;The crying Earth the weeping shores? &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Aaaaaaaaaah Aaaaaaaaaah &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What have we done to the world &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Look what we've done &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about all the peace &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;That you pledge your only son... &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about flowering fields &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Is there a time &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about all the dreams &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;That you said was yours and mine... &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Did you ever stop to notice &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;All the children dead from war &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Did you ever stop to notice &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;The crying Earth the weeping shores &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Aaaaaaaaaaah Aaaaaaaaaaah &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;I used to dream &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;I used to glance beyond the stars &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Now I don't know where we are &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Although I know we've drifted far &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Aaaaaaaaaaah Aaaaaaaaaaaah &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Aaaaaaaaaaah Aaaaaaaaaaaah &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;td style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Hey, what&lt;br /&gt;about yesterday &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about the seas &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;The heavens are falling down &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;I can't even breathe &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about the bleeding Earth &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Can't we feel its wounds &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about nature's worth &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(ooo,ooo) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;It's our planet's womb &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about animals &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about it) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;We've turned kingdoms to dust &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about elephants &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Have we lost their trust &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about crying whales &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;We're ravaging the seas &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about forest trails &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(ooo, ooo) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Burnt despite our pleas &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about the holy land &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about it) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Torn apart by creed &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about the common man &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Can't we set him free &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about children dying &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Can't you hear them cry &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Where did we go wrong &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(ooo, ooo) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Someone tell me why &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about babies &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about it) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about the days &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about all their joy &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about the man &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about the crying man &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What about us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about Abraham &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(What was us) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What about death again &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(ooo, ooo) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Do we give a damn?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt; &lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-5007459715592410695?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/5007459715592410695/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=5007459715592410695' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/5007459715592410695'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/5007459715592410695'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2010/09/what-about-us.html' title='What about us?'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/XAi3VTSdTxU/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-6221488334708498817</id><published>2010-07-16T23:25:00.007Z</published><updated>2010-07-16T23:30:33.122Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pesca'/><title type='text'>Ecosystem-based fisheries management requires a change to the selective fishing philosophy</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/S-7WFXqSG8I/AAAAAAAALro/Zcf0a2xmQpk/s1600/100513093729-large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/S-7WFXqSG8I/AAAAAAAALro/Zcf0a2xmQpk/s400/100513093729-large.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;A new ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) paradigm has emerged. As part of this approach, selective fishing is widely encouraged in the belief that nonselective fishing has many adverse impacts. In particular, incidental bycatch is seen as wasteful and a negative feature of fishing, and methods to reduce bycatch are implemented in many fisheries. However, recent advances in fishery science and ecology suggest that a selective approach may also result in undesirable impacts both to fisheries and marine ecosystems.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We argue here that a “balanced exploitation” approach might alleviate many of the ecological effects of fishing by avoiding intensive removal of particular components of the ecosystem, while still supporting sustainable fisheries. This concept may require reducing exploitation rates on certain target species or groups to protect vulnerable components of the ecosystem.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;S. Zhou, A. D. M. Smith, A. E. Punt, A. J. Richardson, M. Gibbs, E. A.  Fulton, S. Pascoe, C. Bulman, P. Bayliss, K. Sainsbury. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;Ecosystem-based  fisheries management requires a change to the selective fishing  philosophy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;,  2010; DOI: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912771107" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;10.1073/pnas.0912771107&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912771107" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-6221488334708498817?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912771107' title='Ecosystem-based fisheries management requires a change to the selective fishing philosophy'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/6221488334708498817/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=6221488334708498817' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/6221488334708498817'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/6221488334708498817'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2010/07/ecosystem-based-fisheries-management.html' title='Ecosystem-based fisheries management requires a change to the selective fishing philosophy'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/S-7WFXqSG8I/AAAAAAAALro/Zcf0a2xmQpk/s72-c/100513093729-large.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-5835477760155746776</id><published>2010-05-23T15:41:00.002Z</published><updated>2010-05-23T15:57:22.281Z</updated><title type='text'>Why fishing magnifies fluctuations in fish abundance</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/S_lQVLpLO-I/AAAAAAAALtU/YCMgo-BqNlk/s1600/080428_1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 206px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/S_lQVLpLO-I/AAAAAAAALtU/YCMgo-BqNlk/s400/080428_1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5474495146878516194" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is now clear that fished populations can fluctuate more than unharvested stocks. However, it is not clear why. Here we distinguish among three major competing mechanisms for this phenomenon, by using the 50-year California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) larval fish record. First, variable fishing pressure directly increases variability in exploited populations. Second, commercial fishing can decrease the average body size and age of a stock, causing the truncated population to track environmental fluctuations directly. Third, age-truncated or juvenescent populations have increasingly unstable population dynamics because of changing demographic parameters such as intrinsic growth rates. We find no evidence for the first hypothesis, limited evidence for the second and strong evidence for the third. Therefore, in California Current fisheries, increased temporal variability in the population does not arise fromvariable exploitation, nor does it reflect direct environmental tracking. More fundamentally, it arises from increased instability in dynamics. This finding has implications for resource management as an empirical example of how selective harvesting can alter the basic dynamics of exploited populations, and lead to unstable booms and busts that can precede systematic declines in stock levels.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-5835477760155746776?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/pdf/nature06851.pdf' title='Why fishing magnifies fluctuations in fish abundance'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/5835477760155746776/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=5835477760155746776' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/5835477760155746776'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/5835477760155746776'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2010/05/why-fishing-magnifies-fluctuations-in.html' title='Why fishing magnifies fluctuations in fish abundance'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/S_lQVLpLO-I/AAAAAAAALtU/YCMgo-BqNlk/s72-c/080428_1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-7125815071957979359</id><published>2010-04-10T19:53:00.003Z</published><updated>2010-04-10T20:01:20.089Z</updated><title type='text'>Paralelos oleosos</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/S8DXsu33l6I/AAAAAAAALZQ/FVtm1ogABes/s1600/whaling-ships.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 309px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/S8DXsu33l6I/AAAAAAAALZQ/FVtm1ogABes/s400/whaling-ships.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5458599911869618082" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O título é um bocado parvo, mas quero registar aqui o artigo de &lt;a href="http://www1.unifi.it/surfchem/solid/bardi/"&gt;Ugo Bardi&lt;/a&gt;, traçando o paralelo entre a crise petrolífera actual e aquilo que ele descreve como o primeiro exemplo de um recurso não-renovável que atravessou um &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbert_peak_theory"&gt;ciclo de Hubbert&lt;/a&gt; completo:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.oilcrisis.com/History/whaleOil20040913.pdf"&gt;PRICE TRENDS OVER A COMPLETE HUBBERT CYCLE: THE CASE OF THE AMERICAN WHALING INDUSTRY IN 19th CENTURY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-7125815071957979359?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/7125815071957979359/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=7125815071957979359' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7125815071957979359'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7125815071957979359'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2010/04/paralelos-oleosos.html' title='Paralelos oleosos'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/S8DXsu33l6I/AAAAAAAALZQ/FVtm1ogABes/s72-c/whaling-ships.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-5415595784782281454</id><published>2010-03-11T10:40:00.002-01:00</published><updated>2010-03-11T10:42:52.827-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Aichi-Nagoya International E-Conference on the Post 2010 Biodiversity Target (ANIEC 2010)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/S5jW9e3VXvI/AAAAAAAAJ6I/o8Ui8n2QXfE/s1600-h/COP10logo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 357px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/S5jW9e3VXvI/AAAAAAAAJ6I/o8Ui8n2QXfE/s400/COP10logo.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5447340101050130162" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Uma imagem bonita para um assunto importante. A conferência tem lugar no Japão..&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-5415595784782281454?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.cbd.int/aniec2010/' title='Aichi-Nagoya International E-Conference on the Post 2010 Biodiversity Target (ANIEC 2010)'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/5415595784782281454/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=5415595784782281454' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/5415595784782281454'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/5415595784782281454'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2010/03/aichi-nagoya-international-e-conference.html' title='Aichi-Nagoya International E-Conference on the Post 2010 Biodiversity Target (ANIEC 2010)'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/S5jW9e3VXvI/AAAAAAAAJ6I/o8Ui8n2QXfE/s72-c/COP10logo.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-6487989602899141869</id><published>2009-12-28T16:36:00.004-01:00</published><updated>2009-12-28T16:42:15.836-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Scholarometer (?)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://scholarometer.indiana.edu/"&gt;Scholarometer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://scholarometer.indiana.edu/"&gt;beta&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://scholarometer.indiana.edu/"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;is a social tool to facilitate citation analysis and help evaluate the impact of an author's publications.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/Szjtn46D09I/AAAAAAAAHY4/RnLvlupGrhg/s1600-h/howitworks.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 205px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/Szjtn46D09I/AAAAAAAAHY4/RnLvlupGrhg/s400/howitworks.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420343421086979026" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-6487989602899141869?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://scholarometer.indiana.edu/' title='Scholarometer (?)'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/6487989602899141869/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=6487989602899141869' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/6487989602899141869'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/6487989602899141869'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2009/12/scholarometer.html' title='Scholarometer (?)'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/Szjtn46D09I/AAAAAAAAHY4/RnLvlupGrhg/s72-c/howitworks.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-2163516623028256449</id><published>2009-06-21T23:42:00.002Z</published><updated>2009-06-22T01:09:44.446Z</updated><title type='text'>O mundo é a nossa casa</title><content type='html'>De visão absolutamente essencial!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/tCVqx2b-c7U&amp;amp;rel=0&amp;amp;color1=0xb1b1b1&amp;amp;color2=0xcfcfcf&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;feature=player_embedded&amp;amp;fs=1"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/tCVqx2b-c7U&amp;amp;rel=0&amp;amp;color1=0xb1b1b1&amp;amp;color2=0xcfcfcf&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;feature=player_embedded&amp;amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-2163516623028256449?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/2163516623028256449/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=2163516623028256449' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/2163516623028256449'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/2163516623028256449'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2009/06/home.html' title='O mundo é a nossa casa'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-1986760424346471639</id><published>2009-05-04T23:35:00.001Z</published><updated>2009-05-04T23:43:36.303Z</updated><title type='text'>O poder da "ciência"</title><content type='html'>Vídeo muito interessante. Tocam todos os pontos certos: a suposta superioridade do "cientista", a ausência de espírito crítico perante a ameaça óbvia, a justificação económica da tecnologia a todo o custo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;object width="480" height="430"&gt;&lt;param name="allowfullscreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.theonion.com/content/themes/common/assets/onn_embed/embedded_player.swf?image=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theonion.com%2Fcontent%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2FGIANT_CRABS_article.jpg&amp;amp;videoid=93798&amp;amp;title=Experts%20Agree%20Giant%2C%20Razor-Clawed%20Bioengineered%20Crabs%20Pose%20No%20Threat"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.theonion.com/content/themes/common/assets/onn_embed/embedded_player.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" wmode="transparent" flashvars="image=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theonion.com%2Fcontent%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2FGIANT_CRABS_article.jpg&amp;amp;videoid=93798&amp;amp;title=Experts%20Agree%20Giant%2C%20Razor-Clawed%20Bioengineered%20Crabs%20Pose%20No%20Threat" width="480" height="430"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.theonion.com/content/video/experts_agree_giant_razor_clawed"&gt;Experts Agree Giant, Razor-Clawed Bioengineered Crabs Pose No Threat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-1986760424346471639?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/1986760424346471639/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=1986760424346471639' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/1986760424346471639'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/1986760424346471639'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2009/05/o-poder-da-ciencia.html' title='O poder da &quot;ciência&quot;'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-1280675636300375466</id><published>2009-04-19T22:17:00.006Z</published><updated>2009-05-04T23:40:55.744Z</updated><title type='text'>Poder e exploração no mundo científico</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/Sf987x9iK8I/AAAAAAAAEl4/EQr53kldGLw/s1600-h/bmartin3.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 120px; height: 147px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/Sf987x9iK8I/AAAAAAAAEl4/EQr53kldGLw/s200/bmartin3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332117850295512002" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/"&gt; Brian Martin&lt;/a&gt; é Professor de Ciências Sociais na &lt;a href="http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/ssmac/index.html"&gt;School of Social Sciences, Media and Communication&lt;/a&gt; da &lt;a href="http://www.uow.edu.au/"&gt;University of Wollongong&lt;/a&gt;. Tem escrito recentemente uma série de artigos muito interessantes sobre plagiarismo, quer em termos académicos quer científicos.&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Mas foram os seus textos mais antigos sobre a fraude em ciência e sobre a estrutura do poder científico que me trouxeram aqui. Li em diagonal três artigos, de que deixo citações.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;I have argued that links between powerful groups inside and outside the scientific community, and vested interests in disciplinary exclusiveness within scientific organisations, are two major features of the power structure of science which lead to suppression of dissident viewpoints. These two features should not be seen simply as bases for overt attempts at suppression such as blocking publications or appointments. &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;The basis for suppression is institutionalised in science through the very nature of scientific research and scientific organisations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Martin, B., 1981. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/81ecol.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;The Scientific Straightjacket: The Power Structure of Science and the Suppression of Environmental Scholarship&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;The Ecologist&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;, Vol. 11, No. 1,  pp. 33-43.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;The vaunted image of many academics who have a high research output, especially those academics with many subordinates, should not be accepted uncritically. How many famous scholars made their greatest breakthrough on the basis of ideas or work of wives, assistants or students? It is impossible to know. But &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;until more information is available, it would be unwise to uncritically accept publication and citation counts as reliable indicators of research capability.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Martin, B., 1986. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/86is/exploitation.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Academic exploitation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;. In: Brian Martin, C. M. Ann Baker, Clyde Manwell and Cedric Pugh (editors), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Intellectual Suppression: Australian Case Histories, Analysis and Responses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt; (Sydney: Angus &amp;amp; Robertson), pp. 59-62.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;In the routine practice of scientific research, there are many types of misrepresentation and bias which could be considered dubious. However, only a few narrowly defined behaviours are singled out and castigated as scientific fraud. &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;A narrow definition of scientific fraud is convenient to the groups in society -- scientific elites, and powerful government and corporate interests -- that have the dominant influence on priorities in science. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Martin, B., 1992. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/92prom.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Scientific fraud and the power structure of science&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Prometheus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 83-98.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;O meu obrigado à &lt;a href="http://polike.blogspot.com/"&gt;Regina Nabais&lt;/a&gt;, pela &lt;a href="http://polike.blogspot.com/2009/04/nao-abram-caixinha-atebom-ate-ao-dia-de.html"&gt;dica&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-1280675636300375466?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/1280675636300375466/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=1280675636300375466' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/1280675636300375466'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/1280675636300375466'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2009/04/poder-e-exploracao-no-mundo-cientifico.html' title='Poder e exploração no mundo científico'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/Sf987x9iK8I/AAAAAAAAEl4/EQr53kldGLw/s72-c/bmartin3.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-7531281877061880703</id><published>2009-02-05T23:02:00.005-01:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T23:22:36.383-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Promiscuidade feminina, ou de como nascem os esterótipos</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/SYuCGGWBVhI/AAAAAAAAEDU/-b1UETipvbI/s1600-h/sexual.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 199px; height: 200px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/SYuCGGWBVhI/AAAAAAAAEDU/-b1UETipvbI/s200/sexual.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5299472427825321490" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Victorian values and the censoring presence of his prudish daughter blinded Charles Darwin to female promiscuity and delayed the study of sperm competition for 100 years, says Tim Birkhead.&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;For a long time it was unclear how females could benefit from being unfaithful. &lt;/span&gt;Unlike males, who can potentially father dozens or even hundreds of offspring, the females of most species are limited in their reproductive output, so promiscuity is unlikely to increase the number of offspring they produce. Eventually, it was realised that by the careful choice of extra-pair partners, a female might increase the quality of her offspring, and studies of several different animals have since confirmed this.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;I don't think Darwin thought this subject through. I don't think he ever thought carefully enough about the reproductive consequences of individual selection. As far as I can see, there isn't a hint of this kind of thinking in his voluminous correspondence. This is curious because the idea of female choice was such an integral (albeit controversial) component of his concept of sexual selection. For Darwin, mate choice simply stopped at copulation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=405235"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=405235"&gt;Ler mais&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-7531281877061880703?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/7531281877061880703/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=7531281877061880703' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7531281877061880703'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7531281877061880703'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2009/02/promiscuidade-feminina-ou-de-como.html' title='Promiscuidade feminina, ou de como nascem os esterótipos'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/SYuCGGWBVhI/AAAAAAAAEDU/-b1UETipvbI/s72-c/sexual.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-5178683437280188782</id><published>2009-01-24T12:08:00.002-01:00</published><updated>2009-01-24T12:11:15.435-01:00</updated><title type='text'>As quatro áreas da Biologia</title><content type='html'>Randolph Nesse é professor de Psiquiatria e de Psicologia. Conheci-o primeiro através do seu livro, &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0679746749/"&gt;Why we get sick&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cheguei hoje a um seu &lt;a href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/%7Enesse/fourquestions.pdf"&gt;diagrama com o título acima&lt;/a&gt; e que é uma interessante forma de classificar as linhas de investigação em Biologia nos quadrantes que resultam de haver dois tipos de questões (próximas, que procuram saber como os organismos vivem, e evolutivas, com o objectivo de saber porque são como são) e dois objectos de explicação (históricas, que explicam uma forma actual em termos de uma sequência, e descritivas).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Biologia oferece, se acordo com este esquema, 4 tipos de explicações:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;de desenvolvimento&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;mecanicistas&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;filogenéticas&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;adaptacionistas&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/SXsTT-mTgMI/AAAAAAAAD-A/5wZ92F8be5Q/s1600-h/Nesse_2000_4_areas_Biology.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 360px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/SXsTT-mTgMI/AAAAAAAAD-A/5wZ92F8be5Q/s400/Nesse_2000_4_areas_Biology.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294847020846252226" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="flockcredit" style="text-align: right; color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: x-small;"&gt;Blogged with the &lt;a href="http://www.flock.com/blogged-with-flock" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-weight: bold;" target="_new" title="Flock Browser"&gt;Flock Browser&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-5178683437280188782?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/5178683437280188782/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=5178683437280188782' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/5178683437280188782'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/5178683437280188782'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2009/01/as-quatro-reas-da-biologia.html' title='As quatro áreas da Biologia'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/SXsTT-mTgMI/AAAAAAAAD-A/5wZ92F8be5Q/s72-c/Nesse_2000_4_areas_Biology.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-4081530587915784310</id><published>2009-01-18T22:31:00.006-01:00</published><updated>2009-01-18T22:57:39.081-01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ecoética'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hans Jonas'/><title type='text'>Hans Jonas - um dos pensadores mais relevantes de que você nunca ouviu falar</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.hans-jonas-zentrum.de/fotos/h-jonass.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 150px; height: 213px;" src="http://www.hans-jonas-zentrum.de/fotos/h-jonass.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;E a web tem destas coisas. Lemos o &lt;a href="http://conversamos.wordpress.com/2009/01/18/a-nossa-volta-o-planeta/"&gt;blogue dos amigos&lt;/a&gt;, seguimos os &lt;a href="http://www.saudepublica.web.pt/TrabCatarina/Ecoetica_CMeireles.htm"&gt;links indicados&lt;/a&gt;, e daí saltamos para a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Jonas"&gt;Wikipédia&lt;/a&gt; e para vários outros sítios, incluindo os &lt;a href="http://www.forward.com/articles/11826/"&gt;artigos de David Kaufman,&lt;/a&gt; de onde fui copiar o título desta entrada, de &lt;a href="http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/3905.pdf"&gt;V. Soromenho Marques&lt;/a&gt; e de &lt;a href="http://www.actae.uevora.pt/2004_08.pdf"&gt;Ana Sofia M. Estanqueiro&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Já tinha lido algo deste autor, mas deixo aqui esta nota para a ele voltar em breve. De facto, alguém que escreve um livro intitulado "Organismus und Freiheit. Ansätze zu einer philosophischen Biologie" (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp;amp; Ruprecht, 1973) [Organismo e liberdade: abordagem a uma filosofia biológica] honra-me de o referir aqui. E leva-me a citar um dos seus aforismos:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Age de tal modo que os efeitos da tua acção sejam compatíveis com a permanência duma vida humana autêntica na Terra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-4081530587915784310?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/4081530587915784310/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=4081530587915784310' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/4081530587915784310'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/4081530587915784310'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2009/01/hans-jonas-um-dos-pensadores-mais.html' title='Hans Jonas - um dos pensadores mais relevantes de que você nunca ouviu falar'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-2080678144486337427</id><published>2009-01-15T01:56:00.004-01:00</published><updated>2009-01-15T02:06:47.040-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Darwin's Gifts</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://mag.digitalpc.co.uk/fvx/lancet/darwinsgifts/"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/SW6nmdl-22I/AAAAAAAAD3s/DyX981-Gxm8/s320/Darwins_gifts.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5291350891427715938" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Uma colecção de ensaios tendo Darwin por tema.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote style="font-style: italic;"&gt;To mark in 2009 the bicentennial of the birth of Darwin - on Feb 12 - and the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species - on Nov 24 - The Lancet has commissioned a commemorative book of essays about Darwin's life and work and the enduring legacy of his remarkable theory of evolution.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Uma das muitas iniciativas planeadas para este ano.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Interessante, a interface.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-2080678144486337427?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://mag.digitalpc.co.uk/fvx/lancet/darwinsgifts/' title='Darwin&apos;s Gifts'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/2080678144486337427/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=2080678144486337427' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/2080678144486337427'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/2080678144486337427'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2009/01/darwins-gifts.html' title='Darwin&apos;s Gifts'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/SW6nmdl-22I/AAAAAAAAD3s/DyX981-Gxm8/s72-c/Darwins_gifts.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-6896834207521919542</id><published>2008-11-19T17:44:00.004-01:00</published><updated>2008-11-19T18:11:48.256-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Escrita científica</title><content type='html'>O humour como instrumento de análise da publicação científica:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://www.indiana.edu/%7Ehalllab/GradRes/BoringWriting.pdf"&gt;How to write consistently boring scientific literature&lt;/a&gt; - Although scientists typically insist that their research is very exciting and adventurous when they talk to laymen and prospective students, the allure of this enthusiasm is too often lost in the predictable, stilted structure and language of their scientific publications. I present here, a top-10 list of recommendations for how to write consistently boring scientific publications. I then discuss why we should and how we could make these contributions more accessible and exciting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://scienceblogs.com/ethicsandscience/2007/07/post_5.php"&gt;Clarity and obfuscation in scientific papers&lt;/a&gt;. Scientists are engaged in an endeavor where they're trying to figure out &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;what the data show&lt;/span&gt; about the world, not just &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;what they want to see&lt;/span&gt; in their experimental results. Ideally, scientists are making sure their data and conclusions can stand up to the toughest objections they can imagine being raised before they even send their manuscripts off to the journal. And, to the extent that science is a knowledge-building project where scientists need to be able to depend on the results communicated by other scientists, they know they should be striving for scrupulous honesty and utter clarity of language.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://chemistry.about.com/cs/chemists/a/researchpaper.htm"&gt;Interpreting Statements in Scientific Papers&lt;/a&gt;. "&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;It can be shown&lt;/span&gt;": Somebody said they did this, but I can't duplicate their results. I can't even find the reference, or else I would have cited that instead. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;E, para compensar,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://www.cfa-international.org/ONGSWintro.html"&gt;On-line guide to scientific publication&lt;/a&gt; - The purpose of this guide is to help authors, particularly inexperienced authors, get their manuscripts published in recognized journals.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-6896834207521919542?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/6896834207521919542/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=6896834207521919542' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/6896834207521919542'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/6896834207521919542'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2008/11/escrita-cientfica.html' title='Escrita científica'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-8024923385326951522</id><published>2008-11-10T11:18:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2008-11-10T11:20:52.200-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Nos enfants nous accuseront</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.nosenfantsnousaccuseront-lefilm.com/"&gt;&lt;img style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 709px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 930px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://www.nosenfantsnousaccuseront-lefilm.com/nena_aff_big.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-8024923385326951522?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/8024923385326951522/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=8024923385326951522' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/8024923385326951522'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/8024923385326951522'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2008/11/nos-enfants-nous-accuseront.html' title='Nos enfants nous accuseront'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-7943079026840984699</id><published>2008-09-17T13:18:00.006Z</published><updated>2008-09-20T22:18:44.827Z</updated><title type='text'>Mentiras e estatísticas</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.fooledbyrandomness.com/index_files/image002.png"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 160px;" src="http://www.fooledbyrandomness.com/index_files/image002.png" border="0" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div&gt;A conhecida frase de que há mentiras, grandes mentiras, e estatísticas diz mais acerca da natureza humana do que do ramo da Matemática nela mencionado. De facto, uma coisa é estudar estatística e outra é aplicá-la. E o teste t ou a ANOVA, tal como os martelos ou as chaves de fenda, podem ser bem ou mal empregues. A história humana está cheia de boas intenções que deram para o torto- lembro-me disso sempre que há a distribuição dos prémios Nobel. O bom do Alfredo &lt;a href="http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/biographical/articles/tagil/index.html"&gt;acreditava que o poder da dinamite seria tão destruidor que acabaria com as guerras&lt;/a&gt;! E falar de ferramentas neste contexto remete-me também para o &lt;a href="http://clevercycles.com/tools_for_conviviality/"&gt;discurso brilhante de Ivan Illitch&lt;/a&gt;, que tão bem mapeou os limites para além dos quais as ferramentas se tornam elas próprias manipuladoras, um fim em si mesmas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;O magnífico artigo de &lt;a href="http://www.fooledbyrandomness.com/"&gt;Nassim Taleb&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/taleb08/taleb08_index.html"&gt;THE FOURTH QUADRANT: A MAP OF THE LIMITS OF STATISTICS&lt;/a&gt;, é por isso importantíssimo nos dias de hoje. Ouvi ontem o George Bush, atrapalhado, tentar  justificar perante os americanos a necessidade de usar o seu (dos americanos) dinheiro para salvar da bancarrota os mesmíssimos agentes financeiros que levaram os mercados financeiros à beira da catástrofe. Não sabia era do papel da estatística no meio disto.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Mas este artigo tem várias outras linhas importantes de reflexão. Uma delas tem a ver com análise de riscos perante o desconhecido, que eu ligo às questões relacionadas com as mudanças climáticas actuais. Outra tem a ver com a relação entre redundância e estabilidade, que eu conhecia da ecologia de ecossistemas mas que foi interessante encontrar aqui, num contexto económico e com relevância para febre de redução de pessoal que atravessa agora a Função Pública.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Abri-vos o apetite? Espero que sim.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-7943079026840984699?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/taleb08/taleb08_index.html' title='Mentiras e estatísticas'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/7943079026840984699/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=7943079026840984699' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7943079026840984699'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7943079026840984699'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2008/09/mentiras-e-estatsticas.html' title='Mentiras e estatísticas'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-5504154623670922801</id><published>2008-07-09T09:15:00.001Z</published><updated>2008-07-09T09:18:04.046Z</updated><title type='text'>Regras simples</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Written by &lt;em&gt;PLoS Computational Biology&lt;/em&gt; Editor-in-Chief Philip E. Bourne, sometimes with collaborators, the "Ten Simple Rules" provide a quick, concentrated guide for mastering some of the professional challenges research scientists face in their careers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000080" title="Read Open Access Article"&gt; Ten Simple Rules for Organizing a Scientific Meeting&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/dt&gt;&lt;dd class="authors"&gt;Corpas M, Gehlenborg N, Janga SC, Bourne PE&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;      &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;     &lt;a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000024" title="Read Open Access Article"&gt;     Ten Simple Rules for Aspiring Scientists in a Low-Income Country&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/dt&gt;&lt;dd class="authors"&gt;Moreno E, Gutiérrez J-M &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;      &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;     &lt;a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030229" title="Read Open Access Article"&gt;     Ten Simple Rules for Graduate Students&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/dt&gt;&lt;dd class="authors"&gt;Bourne PE, Gu J&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;       &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;    &lt;a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030213" title="Read Open Access Article"&gt;     Ten Simple Rules for Doing Your Best Research, According to Hamming&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/dt&gt;&lt;dd class="authors"&gt;Erren TC, Cullen P, Erren M, Bourne PE&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;  &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;    &lt;a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030102" title="Read Open Access Article"&gt;     Ten Simple Rules for a Good Poster Presentation&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/dt&gt;&lt;dd class="authors"&gt;Erren TC, Bourne PE&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;    &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;    &lt;a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030077" title="Read Open Access Article"&gt;     Ten Simple Rules for Making Good Oral Presentations&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/dt&gt;&lt;dd class="authors"&gt;Bourne PE&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;              &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;    &lt;a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030044" title="Read Open Access Article"&gt;     Ten Simple Rules for a Successful Collaboration&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/dt&gt;&lt;dd class="authors"&gt;Vicens Q, Bourne PE&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;              &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;    &lt;a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020121" title="Read Open Access Article"&gt;     Ten Simple Rules for Selecting a Postdoctoral Position&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/dt&gt;&lt;dd class="authors"&gt;Bourne PE, Friedberg I&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;     &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;    &lt;a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020110" title="Read Open Access Article"&gt;     Ten Simple Rules for Reviewers&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/dt&gt;&lt;dd class="authors"&gt;Bourne PE, Korngreen A&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;      &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;    &lt;a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020012" title="Read Open Access Article"&gt;     Ten Simple Rules for Getting Grants&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/dt&gt;&lt;dd class="authors"&gt;Bourne PE, Chalupa LM&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;          &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;    &lt;a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010057" title="Read Open Access Article"&gt;     Ten Simple Rules for Getting Published&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/dt&gt;&lt;dd class="authors"&gt;Bourne PE &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;dd class="tocdoi"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-5504154623670922801?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/5504154623670922801/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=5504154623670922801' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/5504154623670922801'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/5504154623670922801'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2008/07/regras-simples.html' title='Regras simples'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-4684768147619044308</id><published>2008-06-26T23:27:00.002Z</published><updated>2008-06-26T23:52:53.075Z</updated><title type='text'>Bibliometria</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.mathunion.org/fileadmin/images/IMU-Logo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 106px; height: 102px;" src="http://www.mathunion.org/fileadmin/images/IMU-Logo.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Por cá a bibliometria ainda "só" afecta as avaliações dos centros da FCT, e não sei muito bem como se passam as coisas nas áreas menos propensas a essas contas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mas no Reino Unido, onde as questões da avaliação (das pessoas, das instituições, dos produtos e serviços) não são despicientes, a bibliometria vai passar a ter muito peso na renovação de contratos e na progressão na carreira dos docentes universitários.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vem mesmo a tempo, portanto, o relatório da International Mathematical Union, "&lt;a href="http://www.mathunion.org/publications/report/citationstatistics/"&gt;Citation Statistics&lt;/a&gt;". Transcrevo do sumário, sem mais comentários:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;This is a report about the use and misuse of citation data in the assessment of scientific research. The idea that research assessment must be done using "simple and objective" methods is increasingly prevalent today. The "simple and objective" methods are broadly interpreted as bibliometrics, that is, citation data and the statistics derived from them. There is a belief that citation statistics are inherently more accurate because they substitute simple numbers for complex judgments, and hence overcome the possible subjectivity of peer review. But this belief is unfounded.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Relying on statistics is not more accurate when the statistics are improperly used. Indeed, statistics can mislead when they are misapplied or misunderstood. Much of modern bibliometrics seems to rely on experience and intuition about the interpretation and validity of citation statistics.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;While numbers appear to be "objective", their objectivity can be illusory. The meaning of a citation can be even more subjective than peer review. Because this subjectivity is less obvious for citations, those who use citation data are less likely to understand their limitations.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The sole reliance on citation data provides at best an incomplete and often shallow understanding of research—an understanding that is valid only when reinforced by other judgments. &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Numbers are not inherently superior to sound judgments&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;[...]We hope those involved in assessment will read both the commentary and the details of this report in order to understand not only the limitations of citation statistics but also how better to use them. If we set high standards for the conduct of science, surely we should set equally high standards for assessing its quality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-4684768147619044308?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/4684768147619044308/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=4684768147619044308' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/4684768147619044308'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/4684768147619044308'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2008/06/bibliometria.html' title='Bibliometria'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-8668340678664073096</id><published>2008-06-09T14:05:00.003Z</published><updated>2008-06-09T14:22:10.350Z</updated><title type='text'>Encontrei um! ENCONTREI UM!</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/images/Daly2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 200px;" src="http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/images/Daly2.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Afinal sempre há economistas ecológicos. Pelo menos um, mas de peso: &lt;a href="http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/facstaff/faculty/Daly.html"&gt;Herman E. Daly&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Foi economista sénior do Departamento de Ambiente do Banco Mundial, tendo escrito um livro intitulado Steady-State Economics" em 1977 (!). Outros livros cujos título dão uma ideia do seu pensamento incluem Valuing the Earth                (1993), Beyond Growth (1996), e Ecological Economics and the Ecology                of Economics (1999). Sim, aceito ofertas, e entretanto vou &lt;a href="http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/faculty/daly/Dalypapers.html"&gt;ler os seus artigos&lt;/a&gt;. Mas não sem deixar uma figura auto-explicativa dos limites para o crescimento (achei delicioso o &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;futility limit&lt;/span&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/faculty/daly/sciam-Daly5%20copy%201.pdf"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/SE070ovCR5I/AAAAAAAACIk/v358viifc7Q/s400/daly_growth.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5209886119411468178" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-8668340678664073096?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/8668340678664073096/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=8668340678664073096' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/8668340678664073096'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/8668340678664073096'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2008/06/encontrei-um-encontrei-um.html' title='Encontrei um! ENCONTREI UM!'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp3.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/SE070ovCR5I/AAAAAAAACIk/v358viifc7Q/s72-c/daly_growth.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-194335866471101612</id><published>2008-06-03T23:04:00.004Z</published><updated>2008-06-03T23:45:56.801Z</updated><title type='text'>O que é ser humano?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://michaelnicknichols.com/images/zoom/bk-brutal-kinship-59.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://michaelnicknichols.com/images/zoom/bk-brutal-kinship-59.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Foto de &lt;a href="http://michaelnicknichols.com/"&gt;Michael "Nick" Nichols&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.janegoodall.org/"&gt;Jane Goodall&lt;/a&gt; foi enviada para a Tanzânia em 1960 por &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Leakey"&gt;Louis Leaky&lt;/a&gt;, o conhecido paleoantropólogo. Sem nenhuma formação académica relevante (era uma secretária que gostava de animais) esta britânica de 26 anos iria fazer uma série de importantes descobertas que revolucionariam a forma como na altura se perspectivava a posição humana no reino animal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Até essa altura, a capacidade de construir e utilizar ferramentas era considerada exclusivamente humana, de facto aquilo que separava os humanos dos (restantes) animais. Quando recebeu o relatório em que Jane reportou a sua descoberta de que os chimpanzés usavam ferramentas (&lt;a href="http://www.discoverchimpanzees.org/media/movies/Frodo_termite_MSTR.mov"&gt;preparavam ramos e os utilizavam para extrair térmitas dos seus buracos&lt;/a&gt;), Leaky telefonou-lhe:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;"Agora temos que redefinir ferramenta, redefinir homem, ou aceitar os chimpanzés como humanos."&lt;/blockquote&gt;E é por esta terceira hipótese que &lt;a href="http://www.greatapeproject.org/"&gt;Jane optou&lt;/a&gt;, e eu com ela.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-194335866471101612?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/194335866471101612/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=194335866471101612' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/194335866471101612'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/194335866471101612'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2008/06/o-que-ser-humano.html' title='O que é ser humano?'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-5052934690514792027</id><published>2008-06-03T19:15:00.003Z</published><updated>2008-06-03T23:03:42.020Z</updated><title type='text'>Crueldades</title><content type='html'>Uma horrível descrição de uma cena de caça do século passado, mas que podia ser de hoje se ainda houvesse esta abundância.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Listen to the sensitive but uneducated Bill House [...] talking about &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;what it was like to shoot egrets &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[garças]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; for their feathers&lt;/span&gt;. Hunters, he tells us, always shot early in the breeding season when the plumes were coming out "real good," and a man with a Flobert rifle could stand in a big rookery and pick off birds as fast as he could reload:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote style="font-style: italic;"&gt;    A broke-up rookery, that ain't a picture you want to think about too much. The pile of carcasses left behind when you strip the plumes and move on to the next place is just pitiful, and it's a piss-poor way to harvest, cause there ain't no adults left to feed them young and protect 'em from the sun and rain, let alone the crows and buzzards that come sailing and flopping in, tear 'em to pieces....&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   It's the dead silence after all the shooting that comes back today, though I never stuck around to hear it; I kind of remember it when I am dreaming. Them ghosty trees on dead white guano ground, the sun and silence and dry stink, the squawking and flopping of their wings, and varmints hurrying in without no sound, coons, rats, and possums, biting and biting, and the ants flowing up all them white trees in their dark ribbons to eat at them raw scrawny things that's backed up to the edge of the nest, gullets pulsing and mouths open wide for the food and water that ain't never going to come. Luckiest ones will perish before something finds 'em, cause they's so many young that the carrion birds just can't keep up. Damn vultures set hunched up on them dead limbs so stuffed they can't hardly fly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Such a description, quite early in the book, sets the stage for the often senseless and violent deaths to follow, while also registering for our twenty-first-century ears the horror surrounding this steady destruction of a species:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote style="font-style: italic;"&gt;    A real big rookery like that one the Frenchman worked up Tampa Bay had four-five hundred acres of black mangrove, maybe ten nests to a tree. Might take you three-four years to clean it out but after that them birds are gone for good.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/21354"&gt;An Epic of the Everglades&lt;br /&gt;By Michael Dirda&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-5052934690514792027?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/5052934690514792027/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=5052934690514792027' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/5052934690514792027'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/5052934690514792027'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2008/06/insustentabilidades.html' title='Crueldades'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-6727901331071304315</id><published>2008-02-17T21:57:00.004-01:00</published><updated>2008-02-17T22:38:16.853-01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ecologia'/><title type='text'>Cerejas...</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Assino (e recomendo!) o &lt;a href="http://www.theecologist.org/"&gt;The Ecologist&lt;/a&gt;. É uma das minhas formas de me lembrar que há coisas bem mais importantes do que as urgências entre as quais saltito de dia para dia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No número de Fevereiro li uma revisão do livro de &lt;a href="http://www.richardheinberg.com/"&gt;Richard Heinberg&lt;/a&gt;, "&lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_S0RvVrdvF0"&gt;Peak Everything: Waking Up to the Century of Decline in Earth's Resources&lt;/a&gt;" e fui à Amazon comprá-lo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sim, eu sei, tenho que arranjar uma livraria mais verde! Mas esta tem coisas boas, e uma delas são as sugestões que fazem de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;outros &lt;/span&gt; livros nos quais nós podemos estar interessados. E acertam muita vez.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Como agora: sugeriram-me "World Made by Hand", de &lt;a href="http://www.kunstler.com/"&gt;James H. Kunstler&lt;/a&gt;. Não o comprei (ainda?), mas desde a minha descoberta de &lt;a href="http://www.nitrosyncretic.com/rah/"&gt;Robert A. Heinlein&lt;/a&gt; que sei a importância dos ficcionistas com uma mensagem: iluminam-nos o labirinto das possibilidades. E a mensagem do que o petróleo significa no nosso modelo de sociedade, junta com a reflexão sobre o que acontecerá quando ele acabar é, literalmente, de importância vital.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Deixo aqui um excerto de um discurso de Kunstler, na &lt;a href="http://www.petrocollapse.org/index.html"&gt;Petrocollapse Conference&lt;/a&gt; de 2005:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;"&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;We face a series of ramifying, self-reinforcing, terrifying breaks from business-as-usual, and we are not prepared. We are not talking about it in the traditional forums - only in the wilderness of the internet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mostly we face a crisis of clear thinking which will lead to further crises of authority and legitimacy - of who can be trusted to hold this project of civilization together.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Americans were once a brave and forward-looking people, willing to face the facts, willing to work hard, to acknowledge the common good and contribute to it, willing to make difficult choices. We've become a nation of overfed clowns and crybabies, afraid of the truth, indifferent to the common good, hardly even a common culture, selfish, belligerent, narcissistic whiners seeking every means possible to live outside a reality-based community.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These are the consequences of a value system that puts comfort, convenience, and leisure above all other considerations. These are not enough to hold a civilization together. We've signed off on all other values since the end of World War Two. Our great victory over manifest evil half a century ago was such a triumph that we have effectively - and incrementally - excused ourselves from all other duties, obligations and responsibilities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Which is exactly why we have come to refer to ourselves as consumers. That's what we call ourselves on TV, in the newspapers, in the legislatures. Consumers. What a degrading label for people who used to be citizens.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Consumers have no duties, obligations, or responsibilities to anything besides their own desire to eat more Cheez Doodles and drink more beer. (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At the bottom of the Peak Oil issue is the fear that we're not going to make it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Long Emergency looming before us is going to produce a lot of losers. Economic losers. People who will lose jobs, vocations, incomes, possessions, assets - and never get them back. Social losers. People who will lose position, power, advantage. And just plain losers, people who will lose their health and their lives.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are no magic remedies for what we face, but there are intelligent responses that we can marshal individually and collectively. We will have to do what circumstances require of us.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We are faced with the necessity to downscale, re-scale, right-size, and reorganize all the fundamental activities of daily life: the way we grow food; the way we conduct everyday commerce and the manufacture of things that we need; the way we school our children; the size, shape, and scale of our towns and cities.&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-6727901331071304315?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/6727901331071304315/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=6727901331071304315' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/6727901331071304315'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/6727901331071304315'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2008/02/cerejas.html' title='Cerejas...'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-1734634586851379093</id><published>2007-12-20T18:44:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2007-12-20T23:05:34.575-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Aquacultura "doce"</title><content type='html'>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/R2rcCSshuuI/AAAAAAAAB04/tH44Gu0Qz3o/s1600-h/Evaluation_Page_21_Image_0002.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/R2rcCSshuuI/AAAAAAAAB04/tH44Gu0Qz3o/s400/Evaluation_Page_21_Image_0002.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5146167456160660194" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um dos meus cavalos de batalha tem sido a aquacultura de água doce, que me parece ter o potencial de providenciar recursos alimentares e económicos a muitas pessoas da Região.&lt;br /&gt;Contra um maior desenvolvimento desta técnica nos Açores estão questões culturais, mas também questões políticas. Culturais porque as pessoas não estão habituadas a consumir peixe de água doce, nem a aquacultura faz parte do quotidiano rural. Políticas porque o potencial da aquacultura dulçaquícola está na pequena exploração familiar, para consumo próprio e/ou local, e isso não desperta o interesse dos grandes grupos económicos.&lt;br /&gt;Por tudo isto, foi interessante descobrir que o Asian Development Bank editou recentemente um livro com o sugestivo título "&lt;a href="http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Freshwater-Poverty-Reduction/default.asp"&gt;An Evaluation of Small-Scale Freshwater Rural Aquaculture Development for Poverty Reduction&lt;/a&gt;". Nele se diz&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Rural aquaculture generates employment and cash income, and provides animal protein and essental nutrients to consumers. It contributes to rural livelihoods, improves food supply, and makes low-cost fish available in domestic markets. Integrating aquaculture into smallholder farming systems can reduce risks to farmers through crop diversification; it also allows nutrient recycling."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;A talho de foice, deixo também o registo da Declaração de Bangkok, da NACA (Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific) e da FAO, designada "&lt;a href="ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/ad351e/AD351e00.pdf"&gt;Aquaculture Development Beyond 2000&lt;/a&gt;" e resultante da conferência "Aquaculture Development in the Third Millennium", e saliento o ponto 2.19:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;"&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;the practice of aquaculture should be pursued as an integral component of development, contributing towards sustainable livelihoods for poor sectors of the community, promoting human development and enhancing social well-being;&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-1734634586851379093?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/1734634586851379093/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=1734634586851379093' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/1734634586851379093'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/1734634586851379093'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2007/12/aquacultura-doce.html' title='Aquacultura &quot;doce&quot;'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/R2rcCSshuuI/AAAAAAAAB04/tH44Gu0Qz3o/s72-c/Evaluation_Page_21_Image_0002.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-3723154554967142233</id><published>2007-11-25T23:42:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2007-11-26T00:30:03.337-01:00</updated><title type='text'>E nós estamos à espera de?...</title><content type='html'>&lt;!-- Start NAP Book Display --&gt;&lt;table style="border: 1px solid black;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="158"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" height="38" valign="top" width="130"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://images.nap.edu/images/widgetdisplay_nap1.gif" alt="" align="top" border="0" height="38" width="129" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;td rowspan="4" style="background: rgb(153, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" align="left" valign="top" width="28"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://images.nap.edu/images/widgetdisplay_nap2.gif" alt="" valign="top" height="200" width="29" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;td align="center" width="130"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="padding: 2px 5px; width: 115px; height: 45px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!-- insert book title --&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10497&amp;amp;w=1" target="_blank" style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-family: arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;BIO2010: Transforming Undergraduate Education for Future Re ...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;td align="center" width="130"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!-- insert tinycov image --&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://images.nap.edu/images/cover.php?id=10497&amp;amp;type=tinycov" alt="" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="70" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;td style="padding: 5px;" align="center" height="10" valign="top"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10497&amp;amp;w=1#toc" target="_blank" style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-family: arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;Read this free online&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!-- End NAP Book Display --&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-3723154554967142233?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/3723154554967142233/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=3723154554967142233' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/3723154554967142233'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/3723154554967142233'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2007/11/e-ns-estamos-espera-de.html' title='E nós estamos à espera de?...'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-7595315182628393358</id><published>2007-11-24T15:02:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2007-11-24T15:29:05.455-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Privatização</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;De um texto de &lt;a href="http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/figuras/vmgodinho.html"&gt;Vitorino Magalhães Godinho&lt;/a&gt;, "O respeito pela pluralidade" (&lt;a href="http://pub.edimpresa.pt/index.asp?revista=jornal_de_letras&amp;amp;lang=pt"&gt;Jornal de Letras, Artes e Ideias&lt;/a&gt;, 968), e pensando nas propostas de &lt;a href="http://ambio.blogspot.com/2006/08/privatizar-reas-protegidas.html"&gt;privatização da gestão das áreas protegidas&lt;/a&gt; (v. tb. &lt;a href="http://gaia.org.pt/pipermail/gaia-geral/2005-November/005747.html"&gt;entrevista do presidente do ICN&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Dentro da mundialização - inevitável - temos de abrir diferentes caminhos, mas em que os cidadãos segurem no leme e não sejam esmagados pelas redes dos mamutes. Em que o &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;público&lt;/span&gt; não desapareça engolido pelo &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;privado&lt;/span&gt;, com o pretexto da nunca provada maior rentabilidade dos interesses sobre o bem comum.&lt;br /&gt;[...] Para tal, dada a desconstrução sistemática a que tem sido submetido o Estado, impõe-se reconstruí-lo em novos moldes, como complexo coordenado de sistemas organizacionais que assegurem o equipamento social de base e um conjunto de serviços públicos essenciais à sociedade e, logo, às pessoas. Os insistentes apelos a uma imaginária &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;sociedade civil&lt;/span&gt; ocultam que o desaparecimento da organização &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;pública &lt;/span&gt;por incontida &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;privatização &lt;/span&gt;forma o leque dos problemas centrais do nosso tempo, juntamento com a violência e a degradação social, o surto do fanatismo e a desistência da democracia."&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-7595315182628393358?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/7595315182628393358/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=7595315182628393358' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7595315182628393358'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7595315182628393358'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2007/11/privatizao.html' title='Privatização'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-823752227938998585</id><published>2007-11-05T23:00:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2007-12-20T23:06:25.797-01:00</updated><title type='text'>The Unnatural History of the Sea</title><content type='html'>&lt;br&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.islandpress.org/books/cover/1597261025.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 200px;" src="http://www.islandpress.org/books/cover/1597261025.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nao lia um livro assim desde o "&lt;a href="http://www.pbs.org/gunsgermssteel/"&gt;Guns, Germs and Steel&lt;/a&gt;", de &lt;a href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/diamond.html"&gt;Jared Diamond&lt;/a&gt;. Tem uma visão histórica integrada com a perspectiva ambiental e, sobretudo, estilhaça ideias feitas e preconceitos. O que mais me impressionou nos dois livros foi de facto o &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;dar a ver&lt;/span&gt; de ambos: explicações para factos ou acontecimentos de que tinha pouca consciencia e que de repente fazem muito sentido. Gosto de livros que me fazem "clique"!&lt;br /&gt;Falo de "&lt;a href="http://www.historyofthesea.org/"&gt;The Unnatural History of the Sea&lt;/a&gt;", de Callum Roberts. Um livro deprimente, como o podem ser os livros que examinam abertamente o impacto humano sobre o planeta (&lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xECNAvjgr8Q"&gt;ver vídeo&lt;/a&gt;). O primeiro mito estilhaçado (e falo do alto da minha ingenuidade de biólogo há 30 anos!) foi o de que, em comparação com a terra, o mar está bem conservado. É daquelas ideias que se vão alimentando, apesar de alarmes esporádicos de que as coisas não vão bem. Pois agora tomei consciência de que as coisas não vão nada bem. O segundo mito é o de que os impactos humanos nos oceanos são recentes: vêm-me à cabeça o &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill"&gt;Exxon Valdez&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamata_disease"&gt;Minamata&lt;/a&gt;, as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drift_net"&gt;redes derivantes&lt;/a&gt;, a &lt;a href="http://www.iwcoffice.org/index.htm"&gt;caça à baleia&lt;/a&gt; (esta última até com o consolo de ser uma história que apesar das incertezas, parecer ter acabado bem). Pois não: as histórias tristes começaram há mais de 300 anos!...&lt;br /&gt;Durante 334 páginas &lt;a href="http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/eeem/people/roberts/roberts.htm"&gt;Callum Roberts&lt;/a&gt; desfia o rosário da hecatombe maritima.&lt;br /&gt;Fiquei a saber como os piratas da Caraíbas se abasteciam de tartarugas, manatins e focas monge até extinguirem estas últimas e deixarem as populações das restantes reduzidas a meros farrapos da rica tapeçaria que estendiam nesses arquipélagos tropicais.&lt;br /&gt;Li que a baleação foi a primeira indústria global, e impressionei-me com a extensão e a intensidade da caça às baleias, desde as operações costeiras dos bascos em tempos medievais, afastando-se da costa à medida que as populações iam sendo reduzidas até que, no dealbar da industrialização, frotas impressionantes de navios fábrica percorreram sistematicamente todos os cantos dos oceanos, extinguindo populações atrás de populações, passando das espécies mais fáceis de capturar (a que ainda hoje chamamos "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_whale"&gt;right whale&lt;/a&gt;") para os &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaenopterinae"&gt;rorquais&lt;/a&gt;, que requeriam barcos rápidos e arpões com ponta explosiva.&lt;br /&gt;Fiquei a saber que a diminuição dos stocks das populações de focas e leões marinhos no hemisfério norte pode estar ligada a uma alteração dos hábitos alimentares das orcas, privadas das suas presas favoritas: as baleias.&lt;br /&gt;No campo destes danos ecológicos colaterais, relembrei a relação entre a caça desenfreada às lontras no Pacífico e o desaparecimento das florestas de laminárias, consumidas pelos ouriços subitamente livres dos seus predadores (&lt;a href="http://brd1.ucsc.edu/Estes/Estes%20Docs/Estes%20Publications/1978%20Simenstad,%20Estes%20and%20Kenyon%20Science.pdf"&gt;uma história que tem mais de 2500 anos...&lt;/a&gt;). Aprendi que, sem as laminárias de que se alimentavam, a população de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steller%27s_Sea_Cow"&gt;manatins de Steller&lt;/a&gt;, que se estendia do Japão à Califórnia, ficou reduzida a uma pequena população na ilha de Bering, a qual os marinheiros da expedição do próprio Steller e os caçadores de lontras que se lhes seguiram conseguiram extinguir em menos de 30 anos.&lt;br /&gt;Recordei os protestos contra os arrastões que ouvi em pequeno ao meu avô e aos meus tios, pescadores artesanais da Ria Formosa, ao aperceber-me do terrível impacto deste tipo de pesca nos fundos de todas as plataformas costeiras e estuários do mundo, das alterações ecológicas que provocam e de como estas &lt;a href="http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&amp;amp;context=sio/cmbc"&gt;podem ser irreversíveis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Apreendi o conceito das "&lt;a href="http://shiftingbaselines.org/index.php"&gt;shifting baselines&lt;/a&gt;", a forma como a nossa pouca percepção da abundância do passado nos faz aceitar o estado miserável actual como natural. E vieram-me à memória as palavras de Gaspar Frutuoso, escrevendo no século XVI sobre a abundância de búzios, lapas e caranguejos na costa de Santa Maria: "...é coisa de espanto a multidão deste marisco."&lt;br /&gt;Pelo caminho li uma crítica arrasante à Política Comum de Pescas europeia, pela qual já eu próprio não dava grande coisa...&lt;br /&gt;Depois de 23 capítulos tão deprimentes como verdadeiros, o autor dá-nos finalmente no capítulo 24 a sua visão do que é preciso fazer para restaurar os oceanos a algo próximo da sua primitiva grandeza. São 6 medidas apenas, que se escrevem em outras tantas linhas, mas que correspondem a uma completa re-invenção da gestão das pescas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Reduzir a capacidade de pesca actual;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Deixar a gestão das pescas ao cuidado de organismos independentes, que se baseiem unicamente em pareceres científicos;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Eliminar o sistema de quotas, substituindo-o por limites ao local, ao tempo e aos métodos de pesca;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Obrigar os pescadores a desembarcar o que pescam;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Usar tecnologia de pesca avançada de forma a reduzir as capturas acessórias;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Banir ou restringir fortemente as artes de pesca mais daninhas.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;Os últimos dois capítulos apresentam a segunda ideia forte do livro: a necessidade de constituir reservas integrais que cubram uma área substancial do oceano, entre 20 a 30 % de cada tipo de habitat! Esta é a única forma de garantir espaços em que a natureza possa respirar, e de que os nossos filhos possam voltar a ter visões como as de Gaspar Frutuoso.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Callum está optimista. Eu não.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-823752227938998585?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/823752227938998585/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=823752227938998585' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/823752227938998585'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/823752227938998585'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2007/11/unnatural-history-of-sea.html' title='The Unnatural History of the Sea'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-7137721309782383653</id><published>2007-10-06T23:39:00.000Z</published><updated>2007-10-07T00:07:44.749Z</updated><title type='text'>Cooperação e resistência</title><content type='html'>&lt;embed src="http://vidmax.com/img/vidmax_player.swf" width="450" height="447" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="xml=http://vidmax.com/index.php/videos/playlist/&amp;id=3005&amp;autoPlay=false&amp;bg=http://vidmax.com/img/back.jpg" scale="showall" name="index"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Várias coisas impressionam neste vídeo. Numa primeira análise impressiona a resistência da cria, que parece ter sobrevivido ao ataque combinado de um grupo de leoas e de um crocodilo. A um nível mais profundo, porém, impressiona o facto de a manada se ter reagrupado e voltado para a buscar. De alguma forma o grupo foi capaz de se juntar todo, cada um dos elementos arriscando a vida para salvar uma cria.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Os búfalos africanos &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_buffalo"&gt;vivem em grupos matriarcais&lt;/a&gt;, e é provável que as fêmeas da manada tenham algum grau de parentesco, o que contribuiria para explicar a evolução deste tipo de comportamento altruístico.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Analisando ainda mais um pouco, repara-se que as leoas ficaram assustadas com a manifestação de força, mas não soltaram a presa. E a maioria dos búfalos não fez mais do que ameaçar. Foram as acções individuais de alguns indivíduos (não tenho a certeza que tenha sido apenas um, embora seja romântico- e lógico- pensar que possa ter sido a mãe) que fizeram a diferença.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O grupo dá a força, mas é preciso um líder para lhe dar direcção e eficácia, poderia ser a moral desta história.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-7137721309782383653?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/7137721309782383653/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=7137721309782383653' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7137721309782383653'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7137721309782383653'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2007/10/cooperao-e-resistncia.html' title='Cooperação e resistência'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-4994414877597757947</id><published>2007-10-02T23:52:00.000Z</published><updated>2007-10-03T00:33:43.127Z</updated><title type='text'>Porque é que eu não me admiro?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.artmargin.com/Doctoringcolvers/images1106/AIDS.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://www.artmargin.com/Doctoringcolvers/images1106/AIDS.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.artmargin.com/Doctoringcolvers/pages/page18.htm"&gt;AIDS&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://www.artmargin.com/"&gt;Emma Holister&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://candida-international.blogspot.com/"&gt;ver o blogue&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;A &lt;a href="http://www.merck.com/newsroom/press_releases/research_and_development/2007_0921.html"&gt;Merck abandonou a investigação de uma vacina anti-sida&lt;/a&gt;, designada V520. A razão? Era ineficaz. Ah....&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Peter Kim, director da Merck Research Laboratories, diz que "developing an effective AIDS vaccine remains one of the most challenging tasks facing modern medicine". Pois. Uma analogia apropriada seria o director do Observatório Astronómico de Lisboa afirmar que o desenvolvimento de chapéus protectores do efeito de Marte sobre os nativos de Capricórnio é uma das tarefas mais complexas da moderna astronomia.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-4994414877597757947?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/4994414877597757947/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=4994414877597757947' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/4994414877597757947'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/4994414877597757947'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2007/10/porque-que-eu-no-me-admiro.html' title='Porque é que eu não me admiro?'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-7101267961370949219</id><published>2007-09-28T00:43:00.000Z</published><updated>2007-12-20T23:09:38.573-01:00</updated><title type='text'>LogFrame</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/RvxRO0AgFxI/AAAAAAAABc8/pMQUe-Zh3lU/s1600-h/super_goof.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/RvxRO0AgFxI/AAAAAAAABc8/pMQUe-Zh3lU/s200/super_goof.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5115052591706806034" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A vida de um investigador é dominada pela pressão dos projectos: é preciso escrevê-los, rezar para que sejam aprovados, executá-los se o forem, escrever os projectos seguintes e ir fazendo os relatórios e as publicações dos que vão terminando.&lt;br /&gt;Eu não sou um investigador de sucesso, e talvez isso tenha a ver com o não utilizar as ferramentas adequadas. Descobri agora o &lt;a href="http://www.kar-dht.org/logframe.html"&gt;LogFrame &lt;/a&gt;(de Logical Framework): um modelo de organizar um projecto de forma a clarificar os objectivos, os resultados esperados e as actividades a desenvolver, tendo atenção aos indicadores de sucesso e aos factores que podem afectar o projecto. Mesmo que este não seja o meu super-amendoim, pode ser que dê jeito na próxima vaga de candidaturas...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-7101267961370949219?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/7101267961370949219/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=7101267961370949219' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7101267961370949219'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7101267961370949219'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2007/09/logframe.html' title='LogFrame'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp1.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/RvxRO0AgFxI/AAAAAAAABc8/pMQUe-Zh3lU/s72-c/super_goof.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-9090391806981853105</id><published>2007-09-15T01:55:00.000Z</published><updated>2007-09-28T00:59:33.454Z</updated><title type='text'>Morreu o Alex</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;As leituras (sobretudo na net) são como as cerejas. Entrando pelo &lt;a href="http://scholar.google.com/"&gt;Google Scholar&lt;/a&gt;*, então, uma coisa leva a outra e ganha-se em conhecimento o que se perde em horas de sono.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Foi assim que as minhas leituras sobre a senciência em peixes me levaram à cognição animal e desta, entre outros, aos trabalhos de &lt;a href="http://edge.org/3rd_culture/pepperberg03/pepperberg_index.html"&gt;Irene Pepperberg&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://edge.org/video/dsl/pepperberg.html"&gt;vejam o vídeo&lt;/a&gt;) sobre a cognição em... aves.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.alexfoundation.org/images/birds/AlexPerch2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 200px;" src="http://www.alexfoundation.org/images/birds/AlexPerch2.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:78%;" &gt;Foto da &lt;a href="http://www.alexfoundation.org/index.htm"&gt;Alex Foundation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Trabalhando com &lt;a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_grey_parrot"&gt;Psittacus erithacus&lt;/a&gt;, o comum papagaio cinzento africano, Pepperberg conseguiu trazer à comunidade científica questões importantes relativas à evolução da linguagem e da própria &lt;a href="http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/yr0466p1422k0721/fulltext.pdf"&gt;inteligência&lt;/a&gt;. Porque se &lt;a href="http://www.alexfoundation.org/papers/JCPAlexComp.pdf"&gt;os papagaios sabem contar&lt;/a&gt;, e duvido que os anfíbios o saibam, essa capacidade evoluiu separadamente nos ramos répteis-aves e mamíferos-primatas. Assim como a linguagem. E portanto não é um dom divino, nem nós o topo da criação... estão a ver a ideia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De repente passar na Rua Nova nas Lajes do Pico e ouvir aquele papagaio a dizer "Olá!" quando respondemos aos seus assobios tem um outro significado. E fica-se com pena de ele estar ali, empoleirado naquela gaiola minúscula há anos sem fim.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O Alex morreu com 31 anos. &lt;a href="http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=sYk-wE18BTo"&gt;Este vídeo&lt;/a&gt; (apesar dos ridículos comentários da apresentadora) ilustra as surpreendentes capacidades deste animal que, de acordo com Irene Peppenberg, teria a capacidade emocional de uma criança de dois anos e intelectual de uma criança de 5. As suas &lt;a href="http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jZeZSFfWilDZgoL8xPOU3KbQO2_g"&gt;últimas palavras&lt;/a&gt; foram dirigidas à sua treinadora e companheira de décadas: "&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;You be good. I love you&lt;/span&gt;"; ela respondeu "&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;I love you too&lt;/span&gt;" e Alex disse "&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;You'll be in tomorrow&lt;/span&gt;". Irene respondeu "&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Yes, I'll be in tomorrow&lt;/span&gt;", mas Alex já não a voltou a ver.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Uma das muitas e excelentes ferramentas em desenvolvimento nos &lt;a href="http://labs.google.com/"&gt;Google Labs&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-9090391806981853105?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/9090391806981853105/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=9090391806981853105' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/9090391806981853105'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/9090391806981853105'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2007/09/morreu-o-alex.html' title='Morreu o Alex'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-1520218688664070770</id><published>2007-09-04T01:41:00.000Z</published><updated>2007-09-04T01:45:34.579Z</updated><title type='text'>Emoções e sentimentos nos peixes?</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Para não me auto-plagiar, &lt;a href="http://peixologia.blogspot.com/2007/08/emoes-e-sentimentos-nos-peixes.html"&gt;fica a ligação&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-1520218688664070770?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/1520218688664070770/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=1520218688664070770' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/1520218688664070770'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/1520218688664070770'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2007/09/emoes-e-sentimentos-nos-peixes.html' title='Emoções e sentimentos nos peixes?'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-620328134839547223</id><published>2007-06-20T22:57:00.000Z</published><updated>2007-06-20T23:05:04.935Z</updated><title type='text'>Subjectividade</title><content type='html'>&lt;br&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/RnmyM-i7wTI/AAAAAAAABZc/Lr8c8qurb_I/s1600-h/azedas.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/RnmyM-i7wTI/AAAAAAAABZc/Lr8c8qurb_I/s320/azedas.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5078285990854639922" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;We don't see things as they are, we see them as we are.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.anaisnin.com/"&gt;Anais Nin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-620328134839547223?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/620328134839547223/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=620328134839547223' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/620328134839547223'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/620328134839547223'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2007/06/subjectividade.html' title='Subjectividade'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp1.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/RnmyM-i7wTI/AAAAAAAABZc/Lr8c8qurb_I/s72-c/azedas.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-3303943873695111815</id><published>2007-06-19T01:54:00.001Z</published><updated>2007-06-20T23:05:28.444Z</updated><title type='text'>Bolseiros</title><content type='html'>&lt;br&gt;Ando muito arredado das lides blogueiras, mas porque eventualmente algum aluno pode passar por aqui, deixo a ligação para o sítio da &lt;a href="http://www.bolseiros.org/"&gt;Associaçao dos Bolseiros de Investigaçao Científica&lt;/a&gt; (ABIC). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aqueles que têm o sonho de seguir uma carreira de investigação, fariam bem em passar por lá, &lt;a href="http://forum.bolseiros.org/viewtopic.php?t=2031"&gt;ver o vídeo&lt;/a&gt;, ler os textos (este, por exemplo: &lt;a href="http://www.bolseiros.org/pdfs/careersportugal.pdf"&gt;Science careers in Portugal&lt;/a&gt;) e reflectir no panorama negro que ali é traçado. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Não estou a dizer que os estudantes não devem seguir os seus sonhos- apenas que o devem fazer de olhos abertos.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-3303943873695111815?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/3303943873695111815/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=3303943873695111815' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/3303943873695111815'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/3303943873695111815'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2007/06/bolseiros.html' title='Bolseiros'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-895260718751000740</id><published>2007-05-22T00:57:00.002Z</published><updated>2008-02-25T14:08:49.648-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Crescimento</title><content type='html'>No &lt;a href="http://universidadealternativa.blogspot.com/"&gt;Universidade Alternativa&lt;/a&gt; vi a &lt;a href="http://universidadealternativa.blogspot.com/2007/04/education-and-economic-growth.html"&gt;referência para um artigo&lt;/a&gt; sobre a relação entre crescimento económico e a educação.&lt;br /&gt;As questões  do crescimento económico, por um lado, e da respectiva relação com a educação, por outro, sempre me preocuparam.&lt;br /&gt;O crescimento preocupa-me porque, como biólogo, sei que ele tem sempre limites. Espanta-me portanto todo o ênfase político no crescimento como panaceia e como tabela para medir o valor das políticas. E até me divertiria, se não soubesse a gravidade das respectivas consequências.&lt;br /&gt;Por outro lado, o actual ênfase na investigação científica como motor de crescimento económico parece-me ter muitos contornos de "wishfull thinking". Pergunto-me todos os dias, quando vejo os meus alunos a decidir aceitar as &lt;a href="http://www.fct.mctes.pt/pt/apoios/bolsas/estatutodobolseiro/"&gt;condições da FCT&lt;/a&gt;, se de facto ter centenas de bolseiros de doutoramento trará desenvolvimento ao país. Talvez traga: vou ler o artigo. Mas entretanto fico a pensar que é necessário definir "desenvolvimento". E não estou certo de que, se empurrar os melhores cérebros que o nosso ensino superior através da máquina trituradora da competição pelas bolsas e pelos projectos pode produzir crescimento económico, isso seja algo a cobiçar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Ver, a este propósito, &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hM1x4RljmnE"&gt;este excelente vídeo&lt;/a&gt; e, se isso vos despertar a curiosidade como a mim, seguir para esta &lt;a href="http://globalpublicmedia.com/lectures/461"&gt;lição do matemático Al Bartlett&lt;/a&gt; e usar a entrada "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limits_to_Growth"&gt;Limits to Growth&lt;/a&gt;" da Wikipedia para saltar para um mundo de informação importante.]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-895260718751000740?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/895260718751000740/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=895260718751000740' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/895260718751000740'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/895260718751000740'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2007/05/crescimento.html' title='Crescimento'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-7981578181090509188</id><published>2007-04-12T22:39:00.000Z</published><updated>2007-04-12T23:08:30.172Z</updated><title type='text'>Why I quit HIV</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/Rh61Tk0G-bI/AAAAAAAABUg/_KNk7bhJNUU/s1600-h/culshaw.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/Rh61Tk0G-bI/AAAAAAAABUg/_KNk7bhJNUU/s320/culshaw.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5052675179860654514" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;I truly believe that the blame for the universal, unconditional, faith-based acceptance of such a flawed theory falls squarely on the shoulders of those among us who have actively endorsed a completely unproven hypothesis in the interests of furthering our careers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;For over twenty years, the general public has been greatly misled and ill-informed. As someone who has been raised by parents who taught me from a young age never to believe anything just because "everyone else accepts it to be true," I can no longer just sit by and do nothing, thereby contributing to this craziness.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig7/culshaw1.html"&gt;Why I Quit HIV&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chegar a descobrir os podres da "teoria" do VIH-Sida através de modelos matemáticos é obra. E escrever um texto destes depois de ter feito &lt;a href="http://math.uttyl.edu/rculshaw/vitae.htm"&gt;um doutoramento e publicado 4 artigos&lt;/a&gt; sobre o assunto requer coragem.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-7981578181090509188?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/7981578181090509188/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=7981578181090509188' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7981578181090509188'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7981578181090509188'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2007/04/why-i-quit-hiv.html' title='Why I quit HIV'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp0.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/Rh61Tk0G-bI/AAAAAAAABUg/_KNk7bhJNUU/s72-c/culshaw.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-37208990974914560</id><published>2007-04-12T22:17:00.000Z</published><updated>2007-04-12T22:38:21.631Z</updated><title type='text'>Seed: Science is culture</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Uma revista que junta ciência e cultura? Que senta &lt;a href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/trivers.html"&gt;Robert Trivers&lt;/a&gt; e &lt;a href="http://www.chomsky.info/"&gt;Noam Chomsky&lt;/a&gt; para &lt;a href="http://www.seedmagazine.com/news/2006/09/noam_chomsky_robert_trivers.php?"&gt;discutir o auto-engano&lt;/a&gt;? Em que uma &lt;a href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/levin.html"&gt;cosmologista &lt;/a&gt;e um &lt;a href="http://www.powells.com/authors/lethem.html"&gt;escritor&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.seedmagazine.com/news/2007/03/seed_video_feature_jonathan_le_1.php"&gt;discutem o conceito de realidade&lt;/a&gt; ao almoço? Interessou-me a ponto de vir aqui deixar o apontador para a &lt;a href="http://www.seedmagazine.com/"&gt;SEED&lt;/a&gt;. E pelo caminho dar uma olhadela pela &lt;a href="http://www.edge.org/"&gt;EDGE&lt;/a&gt;, que fica a fazer-lhe companhia na minha prateleira cibernética.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ah! tanto para ler e tão pouco tempo...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-37208990974914560?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/37208990974914560/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=37208990974914560' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/37208990974914560'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/37208990974914560'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2007/04/seed-science-is-culture.html' title='Seed: Science is culture'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-2950482515582917130</id><published>2007-04-02T11:59:00.000Z</published><updated>2007-04-02T12:03:38.129Z</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Vozes dos animais&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pedro Dinis&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Parlam pega e papagaio&lt;br /&gt;E cacareja a galinha&lt;br /&gt;Os ternos pombos arrulham&lt;br /&gt;Geme a rola inocentinha.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Muge a vaca, berra o touro&lt;br /&gt;Grasna a rã, ruge o leão,&lt;br /&gt;O gato mia, uiva o lobo&lt;br /&gt;Também uiva e ladra o cão.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Relincha o nobre cavalo,&lt;br /&gt;Os elefantes dão urros,&lt;br /&gt;A tímida ovellha bala,&lt;br /&gt;Zurrar é próprio dos burros.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Regouga a sagaz raposa,&lt;br /&gt;Brutinho muito matreiro;&lt;br /&gt;Nos ramos cantam as aves,&lt;br /&gt;Mas pia o moucho agoureiro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sabem as aves ligeiras&lt;br /&gt;O canto seu variar:&lt;br /&gt;Fazem gorjeios às vezes,&lt;br /&gt;Às vezes põem-se a chilrar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O pardal, daninho aos campos,&lt;br /&gt;Não aprendeu a cantar;&lt;br /&gt;Como os ratos e as doninhas&lt;br /&gt;Apenas sabe chiar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O negro corvo crocita,&lt;br /&gt;Zune o mosquito enfadonho,&lt;br /&gt;A serpente no deserto&lt;br /&gt;Solta assobio medonho.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chia a lebre, grasna o pato,&lt;br /&gt;Ouvem-se os porcos grunhir,&lt;br /&gt;Libando o suco das flores,&lt;br /&gt;Costuma a abelha zumbir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bramam os tigres, as onças,&lt;br /&gt;Pia, pia o pintainho,&lt;br /&gt;Cucurica e canta o galo,&lt;br /&gt;Late e gane o cachorrinho.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A vitelinha dá berros&lt;br /&gt;O cordeirinho balidos,&lt;br /&gt;O macaquinho dá guinchos,&lt;br /&gt;A criancinha vagidos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A fala foi dada ao homem,&lt;br /&gt;Rei dos outros animais:&lt;br /&gt;Nos versos lidos acima&lt;br /&gt;Se encontra em pobre rima&lt;br /&gt;As vozes dos principais.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-2950482515582917130?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/2950482515582917130/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=2950482515582917130' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/2950482515582917130'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/2950482515582917130'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2007/04/vozes-dos-animais-pedro-dinis-parlam.html' title=''/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-8950156732049402564</id><published>2007-01-22T23:22:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2007-01-22T23:34:43.967-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Mentiras, grandes mentiras e estatísticas</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Não há praticamente nenhum campo da Biologia em que se não use a Estatística. No entanto o desenvolvimento da disciplina e dos programas de computador que o acompanham resulta num campo ao mesmo tempo extremamente vasto, extremamente complexo e ao alcance de qualquer idiota com um rato.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Este texto de Clay Helberg, &lt;a href="http://my.execpc.com/%7Ehelberg/pitfalls/"&gt;Pitfalls of Data Analysis (or How to Avoid Lies and Damned Lies)&lt;/a&gt; resume os principais problemas de uma abordagem descuidada à Estatística, dando uma série de bons conselhos no final:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Be sure your sample is representative of the population in which you're interested.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Be sure you understand the assumptions of your statistical procedures, and be sure they are satisfied. In particular, beware of hierarchically organized (non-independent) data; use techniques designed to deal with them.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Be sure you have the right amount of power--not too little, not too much.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Be sure to use the best measurement tools available. If your measures have error, take that fact into account.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Beware of multiple comparisons. If you must do a lot of tests, try to replicate or use cross-validation to verify your results.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Keep clear in your mind what you're trying to discover--don't be seduced by stars in your tables; look at magnitudes rather than p-values.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Use numerical notation in a rational way--don't confuse precision with accuracy (and don't let the consumers of your work do so, either).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Be sure you understand the conditions for causal inference. If you need to make causal inference, try to use random assignment. If that's not possible, you'll have to devote a lot of effort to uncovering causal relationships with a variety of approaches to the question.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;    Be sure your graphs are accurate and reflect the data variation clearly. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-8950156732049402564?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/8950156732049402564/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=8950156732049402564' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/8950156732049402564'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/8950156732049402564'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2007/01/mentiras-grandes-mentiras-e-estatsticas.html' title='Mentiras, grandes mentiras e estatísticas'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-342613115930398891</id><published>2007-01-07T15:29:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2007-01-07T18:57:44.336-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Glaucus, o homem-sereia</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/RaEgJ5nWQVI/AAAAAAAABBA/v8cPmVV307s/s1600-h/glaucus_eating_velella.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/RaEgJ5nWQVI/AAAAAAAABBA/v8cPmVV307s/s400/glaucus_eating_velella.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5017326814324212050" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;Glaucus atlanticus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; Forster, 1777 predando &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;Porpita&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;. Fonte: &lt;a href="http://www.imagequest3d.com/pages/articles/glaucus.htm"&gt;Andy Lewis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Por estranho que pareça, este animal é um gastrópode, um nudibrânquio altamente modificado para uma vida pelágica de predação de hidromedusas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O nome deriva do &lt;a href="http://peixologia.blogspot.com/2007/01/o-homem-sereia.html"&gt;deus grego meio homem, meio peixe&lt;/a&gt;. É interessante procurar imaginar a sequência de acontecimentos que levaram de um búzio vulgar (com uma concha pesada, alimentando-se raspando algas das rochas com a rádula) a um nudibrânquio (carnívoro, sem concha, brânquias expostas  pela inversão do manto) e daí a este nível de especialização.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Linnaeus, o pai da taxonomia actual, tinha dado o nome de &lt;a href="http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=scylpel"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Scyllaea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  a outro género de nudibrânquios pelágicos, estes característicos de massas de algas flutuantes, como os sargaços. Scylla é a grafia inglesa da ninfa pela qual Glaucus se apaixonou, tendo dito a Circe que árvores cresceriam no fundo do oceano e algas nas mais altas montanhas antes que ele deixasse de a amar. Talvez Forster tenha pensado nesta história quando decidiu usar o nome &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Glaucus&lt;/span&gt;  para outro grupo de animais, com uma origem comum e modos de vida semelhante, mas com um percurso que os deuses decidiram que nunca se havia de cruzar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/RaFLSZnWQWI/AAAAAAAABBM/0c8_XgZT7bQ/s1600-h/scyllaea.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/RaFLSZnWQWI/AAAAAAAABBM/0c8_XgZT7bQ/s400/scyllaea.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5017374239353094498" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;Scyllaea pelagica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; Linnaeus, 1758. Fonte: &lt;a href="http://www.imagequest3d.com/catalogue/surfacedrifters/pages/k009_jpg.htm"&gt;Image Quest Marine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-342613115930398891?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/342613115930398891/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=342613115930398891' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/342613115930398891'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/342613115930398891'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2007/01/glaucus-o-homem-sereia.html' title='Glaucus, o homem-sereia'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp0.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/RaEgJ5nWQVI/AAAAAAAABBA/v8cPmVV307s/s72-c/glaucus_eating_velella.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-4914741390474636376</id><published>2006-12-22T00:56:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2006-12-22T01:12:58.302-01:00</updated><title type='text'>E-learning</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Artigos sobre e-learning nas Ciências Biológicas revistos no "&lt;a href="http://aprendereensinar.blogspot.com/2006/12/e-learning.html"&gt;Aprender e Ensinar&lt;/a&gt;".&lt;br /&gt;Visto no &lt;a href="http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/"&gt;Center for Bioscience&lt;/a&gt;, um recurso que vale a pena conhecer. Podem ver-se ali, continuando no mesmo tema, as &lt;a href="http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/events/reports/mmu06.htm"&gt;minutas de um encontro sobre e-learning&lt;/a&gt; que ocorreu há dias em Manchester.&lt;br /&gt;E, para os que querem passar à prática, este Centro publicou um &lt;a href="http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/publications/tbel/elearn.htm"&gt;guia&lt;/a&gt; sobre a utilização das TIC no ensino, aprendizagem, desenho do currículo e avaliação em Ciências Biológicas.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-4914741390474636376?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/4914741390474636376/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=4914741390474636376' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/4914741390474636376'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/4914741390474636376'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/12/e-learning.html' title='E-learning'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-6812798869221330922</id><published>2006-12-11T23:03:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2006-12-11T23:11:49.521-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Planeta azul</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/RX3yU0btS9I/AAAAAAAAACI/TYoBQZHSJFI/s1600-h/earth_from_saturn.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/RX3yU0btS9I/AAAAAAAAACI/TYoBQZHSJFI/s400/earth_from_saturn.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5007424800192023506" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Fonte: &lt;a href="http://ciclops.org/view.php?id=2235"&gt;CICLOPS, Pale blue orb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Está tudo ali. Eu e tu. A bomba atómica. Os genocídios. O amor. O aquecimento global. Os meus filhos. O deficiente abandonado que se suicida. A esperança de um mundo melhor. A criança com fome. O cansaço que fica quando a esperança se acaba...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-6812798869221330922?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/6812798869221330922/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=6812798869221330922' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/6812798869221330922'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/6812798869221330922'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/12/planeta-azul.html' title='Planeta azul'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp3.blogger.com/_XOUHZRxzrCI/RX3yU0btS9I/AAAAAAAAACI/TYoBQZHSJFI/s72-c/earth_from_saturn.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-5084739078080162932</id><published>2006-12-11T22:08:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2006-12-11T22:40:24.145-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Deus é imaginário</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://whywontgodhealamputees.com/gif/god-logo9.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://whywontgodhealamputees.com/gif/god-logo9.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Uma coisa é ter deixado a religião por causa da Biologia, e ter a posição interior de não se querer chatear com esses disparates. Outra é dar-se ao trabalho de escrever um livro online com 39 capítulos de lógica meticulosa desfazendo o mito do Deus que escreveu a Bíblia e responde às orações, como é feito no site &lt;a href="http://whywontgodhealamputees.com/"&gt;Why won't God heal amputees&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O único senão do sítio é estar totalmente focado na realidade evangélica dos Estados Unidos da América, embora ponha no mesmo saco todas as religiões organizadas, presentes ou passadas.&lt;br /&gt;Não aborda, por exemplo, a questão mais profunda de um deus que não tenha esse papel tão interveniente, o deus de Einstein, por exemplo:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Einstein was often asked, "Do you believe in God?", to which he sometimes replied "I believe in Spinoza's God, who reveals himself in the harmony of all being".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ctinquiry.org/publications/reflections_volume_1/torrance.htm"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Torrance,  T. 1997. &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Reflections&lt;/span&gt;, Vol. 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Mas claro que não é este o deus dos milhões de americanos que acreditam que o universo foi criado há 6.000 anos, nem dos selvagens shiitas ou sequer dos ignorantes de Fátima. E para esses, isto são pérolas...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-5084739078080162932?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/5084739078080162932/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=5084739078080162932' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/5084739078080162932'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/5084739078080162932'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/12/deus-imaginrio.html' title='Deus é imaginário'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-1069027618611884482</id><published>2006-11-12T18:00:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2006-11-12T18:05:51.263-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Animalada</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.escapula.com/escapula/animalada.htm"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger2/1896/1496/320/animalada.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um conjunto de desenhos muito bem feitos, e com um humor interessante, a revelar um bom conhecimento do comportamento animal. Está de parabéns o autor, &lt;a href="http://www.escapula.com/escapula/pau%20esp.htm"&gt;Pau&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-1069027618611884482?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/1069027618611884482/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=1069027618611884482' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/1069027618611884482'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/1069027618611884482'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/11/animalada.html' title='Animalada'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-4697969166361124515</id><published>2006-11-07T00:07:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2006-11-07T00:38:00.326-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Outra definição de "vida"</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Um dos paradoxos da Biologia, a ciência que tem por objecto o estudo dos seres vivos, é o não ter conseguido produzir uma definição do seu próprio domínio de estudo. Isto pode ser um pouco vexante para um biólogo jovem, que inveja secretamente as certezas da Física ou mesmo da Química.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Wikipedia é, como de costume, um bom &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life"&gt;ponto de partida para saber mais sobre este assunto&lt;/a&gt;. Lá se encontra uma referência à obra clássica no assunto: o livro do físico Erwin Schrödinger "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_is_Life%3F_%28Schr%C3%B6dinger%29"&gt;What is life?&lt;/a&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hoje encontrei uma resposta de Tonny Bennett e Count Basie a essa mesma questão:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;LIFE IS A SONG&lt;br /&gt;Ruth Ettig&lt;br /&gt;(Joe Young/Fred A Ahlert)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Life is a song, let's sing it together.&lt;br /&gt;Let's take our hearts and dip them in rhyme,&lt;br /&gt;Let's learn the words, let's learn the music together,&lt;br /&gt;hoping the song last for a long, long time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Life is a song that goes on forever.&lt;br /&gt;Love's old refrain can never go wrong.&lt;br /&gt;Let's strike the note Mendelssohn wrote concerning spring weather,&lt;br /&gt;Let's sing together and make life a song.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/arquivo/Life_is_a_Song.mp3" autostart="false" height="60" width="144"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Para uma visão recente da influência do livro de Schrödinger na Biologia da altura, ver o excelente &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/153/3/1071"&gt;artigo de Dronamraju&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-4697969166361124515?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/4697969166361124515/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=4697969166361124515' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/4697969166361124515'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/4697969166361124515'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/11/outra-definio-de-vida.html' title='Outra definição de &quot;vida&quot;'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-9005820178328702098</id><published>2006-11-05T12:01:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2006-11-05T15:04:18.815-01:00</updated><title type='text'>... e ainda por cima é gira!</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger2/1896/1496/1600/celia_faber.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger2/1896/1496/320/celia_faber.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acabei de ler o último livro de Celia Farber, "&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Serious-Adverse-Events-Uncensored-History/dp/1933633018/sr=1-1/qid=1162731852/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/103-2164585-8221436?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books"&gt;Serious Adverse Events. An uncensored history of AIDS&lt;/a&gt;".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Como a própria reconhece numa nota introdutória, muito do que está nestas 340 páginas já foi publicado noutros locais. No entanto a autora re-escreveu todo o material de modo a fazer sentido num contexto de livro, acrescentando um prefácio e dois apêndices muito interessantes. O prefácio dá a nota pessoal que ressoa por toda a obra de Farber: "Does HIV cause AIDS? I don't know if it does or it does not- I'm really eqquiped to know. The story I have tried to tell, and which this book explores, is the story not of my own beliefs about science (I am not a scientist) but of the epic &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;human  &lt;/span&gt;drama between those who say yes and those who say no to this question." Os apêndices são linhas cronográficas (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;timelines&lt;/span&gt;) muito úteis, sobretudo a última que demonstra como se decretou que a presença de anticorpos contra o HIV equivale à infecção por este vírus, mesmo que este só seja detectável por PCR. Um dos muitos contra-sensos da "ciência" da sida que, tal como os outros, foi imposto por declaração, passando ao lado dos preceitos científicos básicos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E Farber conta histórias. A de Peter Deusberg, claro, e a de Kary Mullis. Mas também a de Joyce Ann Hafford, que participou num ensaio clínico sobre a eficácia da neviparina na redução da transmissão do HIV de mãe para filho. Joyce Ann morreu devido aos efeitos da medicação que recebeu, tendo a criança nascido de cesariana momentos antes. (Outro conta-senso: a ministração de drogas com efeitos mutagénicos e carcinogénicos comprovados a mulheres grávidas e a recém-nascidos.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Histórias que se lêem com um aperto no coração. E que dão um contexto dramático à importância da definição correcta de "ciência".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Muitos dos artigos de Celia Farber &lt;a href="http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/censorship.htm#cf"&gt;podem ser lidos aqui&lt;/a&gt;. Da &lt;a href="http://www.bookslut.com/features/2006_09_009885.php"&gt;entrevista na Bookslut&lt;/a&gt; acerca deste livro permito-me citar uma passagem que reflecte exactamente o que eu próprio sinto perante muito do que passa ultimamente por divulgação da ciência:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;The nature of journalism is that you are reporting on a deadline and looking for good quotes. It is easy to see how science journalism can turn out like a game of telephone.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;It is disembodied from the human, the emotional, the psychic and social context in which someone is speaking to you… It’s so sterile. As I look back on years and years of interviews, I remember the emotion. Of course the data is embodied in the emotions and vice versa -- but when I read straight, respectable, kosher, approved science journalism, I can’t connect to it. I don’t know how the interviewer feels or the interviewee feels. It’s very gee-whiz: “Gee-whiz: scientists have discovered x, y, z.” Or a gene that causes this and causes that… In most cases, what it should say is X scientist, working for X interest, totally governed by X biases said to me on this date that X is true, but all of those are leaps that shouldn’t be taken quite so easily.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-9005820178328702098?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/9005820178328702098/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=9005820178328702098' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/9005820178328702098'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/9005820178328702098'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/11/e-ainda-por-cima-gira.html' title='... e ainda por cima é gira!'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-7426090646244087657</id><published>2006-10-26T23:37:00.000Z</published><updated>2006-10-26T23:54:08.288Z</updated><title type='text'>Towards a mathematical definition of "life"</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://cs.umaine.edu/~chaitin/photos.html"&gt;&lt;img style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger2/1896/1496/200/chaitin.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;De &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz"&gt;Leibniz &lt;/a&gt;saltei para &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Chaitin"&gt;Gregory Chaitin&lt;/a&gt;, outro pensador cuja originalidade e génio se reflectem na insubmissão a barreiras disciplinares e a dogmas. Deixo aqui os links para a &lt;a href="http://cs.umaine.edu/~chaitin/"&gt;página pessoal de Chaitin&lt;/a&gt; e para dois artigos dele que são muito interessantes no contexto da Biologia:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://cs.umaine.edu/~chaitin/mex.html"&gt;Speculations on biology, information and complexity&lt;/a&gt; (1979)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://cs.umaine.edu/~chaitin/mit.pdf"&gt;Toward a mathematical definition of `life'&lt;/a&gt; (2006)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-7426090646244087657?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/7426090646244087657/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=7426090646244087657' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7426090646244087657'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/7426090646244087657'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/10/towards-mathematical-definition-of-life.html' title='Towards a mathematical definition of &quot;life&quot;'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-5148917746887145889</id><published>2006-10-16T21:24:00.000Z</published><updated>2006-10-16T23:47:16.997Z</updated><title type='text'>Chover no molhado?</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger2/1896/1496/1600/UnravelingAids.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger2/1896/1496/320/UnravelingAids.png" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Depois de "&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Inventing-AIDS-Virus-Peter-Duesberg/dp/0895263998/ref=si3_rdr_bb_product/102-3126496-4815327?ie=UTF8"&gt;Inventing the AIDS virus&lt;/a&gt;", de &lt;a href="http://www.duesberg.com/about/index.html"&gt;Peter Deusberg&lt;/a&gt; (e dos seus &lt;a href="http://www.duesberg.com/papers/index.html"&gt;inúmeros artigos&lt;/a&gt; sobre o assunto); depois de "&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Positively-False-Exposing-Myths-Around/dp/1860643337/sr=1-1/qid=1161038539/ref=sr_1_1/102-3126496-4815327?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books"&gt;Positively False&lt;/a&gt;", de &lt;a href="http://www.immunity.org.uk/Joan%20Shenton.htm"&gt;Joan Shenton&lt;/a&gt;; apesar do &lt;a href="http://www.polity.org.za/html/govdocs/reports/aids/aidspanel.htm"&gt;relatório Mbeki&lt;/a&gt;; sabendo da &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Maggiore"&gt;penosa experiência de Christine Maggiore&lt;/a&gt;; há alguma coisa de novo a dizer acerca de toda esta embrulhada do VIH?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pois parece que sim: é o que faz o novo livro de Mae-Wan Ho, "&lt;a href="http://www.i-sis.org.uk/unravelingAIDS.php"&gt;Unraveling AIDS&lt;/a&gt;".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As primeiras 50 páginas fazem o ponto da situação, mas já as 50 seguintes apresentam um aspecto novo relacionado com as vacinas. Eu já tinha uma idéia dos problemas éticos que infestam os ensaios clínicos deste como doutros produtos da indústria farmacêutica. O que não sabia era dos perigos específicos destas vacinas, sobretudo os ligados à utilização da &lt;a href="http://www.mcld.co.uk/hiv/?q=gp120"&gt;glicoproteína gp120&lt;/a&gt;. Também já podia ter lido isso antes, uma vez que Mae-Wan tinha já escrito alguns artigos no &lt;a href="http://www.i-sis.org.uk/index.php"&gt;Science in Society&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://www.i-sis.org.uk/isisnews/i-sisnews9-11.php"&gt;incluindo este&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nas últimas 50 páginas são apresentados conselhos sobre uma vida saudável, basicamente. Interessante e útil, sem dúvida, mas desvirtua um bocado o raciocínio: se a sida não existe, para quê os remédios alternativos? Percebo a idéia, claro. As pessoas estão doentes e coisas como o selénio ou a medicina tradicional ou mesmo o exercício são importantes para recuperar a saúde. Mas talvez ficassem melhor noutro livro...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PS: Mae-Wan Ho é uma mulher assombrosa. A &lt;a href="http://www.bigpicture.tv/index.php?id=46&amp;cat=&amp;amp;a=95"&gt;entrevista&lt;/a&gt; que ela deu à &lt;a href="http://www.bigpicture.tv/index.php"&gt;Big Picture TV&lt;/a&gt;, por exemplo, deixa sem ar qualquer biólogo desprevenido. Podem tentar recuperar o fôlego lendo as dezenas de artigos que ela tem no &lt;a href="http://www.kurzweilai.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0561.html"&gt;ISIS&lt;/a&gt;, mas sentem-se para não ficarem tontos. É que ela quebra os dogmas todos um a um, sem medo de dizer frases como "&lt;a href="http://www.kurzweilai.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0561.html"&gt;Who needs bioterrorists when we've got genetic engineers?&lt;/a&gt;" :-)  &lt;a href="http://www.ratical.org/co-globalize/MaeWanHo/encyclo.html"&gt;Evolução&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.ratical.org/co-globalize/MaeWanHo/BigBizBadSci.html"&gt;"Big Business"&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.i-sis.org.uk/QuantumJazz.php"&gt;jazz quântico&lt;/a&gt;, nada lhe escapa. E com uma autoridade científica que não é fácil de desmontar. Eu, pelo menos, não chego a tanto. Limito-me a constatar que muitas coisas fazem muito sentido...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-5148917746887145889?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/5148917746887145889/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=5148917746887145889' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/5148917746887145889'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/5148917746887145889'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/10/chover-no-molhado.html' title='Chover no molhado?'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-3240400269357877269</id><published>2006-10-13T23:42:00.000Z</published><updated>2006-10-16T23:47:51.269Z</updated><title type='text'>Science Blogs</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Este fim-de-semana já ia ser complicado, e agora dou com isto:&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://scienceblogs.com/"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger2/1896/1496/200/sb.png" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Não pensei que existissem tantos blogues de ciência que se justificasse haver todo um site a eles dedicado. Só os de Biologia são perto de 50! Aliás, foi através de um deles (&lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/"&gt;Pharyngula&lt;/a&gt;, concretamente &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2006/06/penis_evolution.php"&gt;este artigo&lt;/a&gt;-não perguntem!) que descobri o site. E vou voltar para lá...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-3240400269357877269?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/3240400269357877269/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=3240400269357877269' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/3240400269357877269'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/3240400269357877269'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/10/science-blogs.html' title='Science Blogs'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-115943385632891855</id><published>2006-09-28T08:53:00.000Z</published><updated>2006-10-16T23:48:13.222Z</updated><title type='text'>Padrões no ensino da Biologia</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;A varrer os cantos à minha caixa do correio, encontrei este link cheio de teias de aranha. Tantas, de facto, que parece já não funcionar. Talvez se o deixar aqui a apanhar ar ele se recomponha...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www2.gsu.edu/%7Ewwwque/standards/biology/biostandards.html"&gt;Standards for Biology major&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Students will be equipped with the ability to use and extend their scientific knowledge base throughout their lives if that knowledge base is presented in a context that stresses:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Scientific inquiry, reasoning and communication&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;History of biology and its past and present impact on society&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Information content in biology&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Evolution and diversity&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Reproduction and heredity&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Molecular processes&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Cell structure and function&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Organismal form and function&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Interdependence of organisms and their environment"&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-115943385632891855?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/115943385632891855/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=115943385632891855' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/115943385632891855'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/115943385632891855'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/09/padres-no-ensino-da-biologia.html' title='Padrões no ensino da Biologia'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-115283423411785424</id><published>2006-07-13T23:42:00.000Z</published><updated>2006-07-13T23:46:05.166Z</updated><title type='text'>Evolução (??)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/1600/evolution.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/400/evolution.png" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Por alguma razão isto não funciona no blogue. Clique na imagem para ver a acção...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-115283423411785424?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/115283423411785424/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=115283423411785424' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/115283423411785424'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/115283423411785424'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/07/evoluo.html' title='Evolução (??)'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-115246164269309882</id><published>2006-07-09T15:53:00.000Z</published><updated>2006-07-09T17:15:26.606Z</updated><title type='text'>As escolhas de Umberto Eco</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Num artigo recente Umberto Eco oferece algumas sugestões de leituras filosóficas para não especialistas, "ou para aqueles que foram ouvir supostos filósofos e não perceberam nada de nada." Registo-as aqui, para poder reciclar o recorte do jornal.&lt;/p&gt;Clássicos&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"&gt;Platão&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext99/crito10h.htm#title"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Crípton&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.   "onde aprendemos como e porque deve um cidadão respeitar a lei"&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"&gt;Aristóteles&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/poeti10.txt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Poética&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.  "Deve ser lido como se descrevesse a forma de escrever um livro de mistério ou um Western."&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"&gt;Santo Agostinho&lt;/a&gt;, De Magistro.  "Fala de assuntos da vida de todos os dias da forma como falariam com os vossos filhos. Um livro que brilha pela simplicidade e inteligência."&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Idade Média&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelard"&gt;Abelardo&lt;/a&gt; e Heloísa, &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Cartas de Amor&lt;/span&gt; [&lt;a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14268/14268-8.txt"&gt;Historia Calamitatum&lt;/a&gt;, a autobiografia de Pierre Abélard]. "Não esperem muito sexo mas vale o trabalho"&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Renascimento&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola"&gt;Pico della Mirandola&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/pico/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Discurso sobre a dignidade do homem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne"&gt;Montaigne&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3600/3600-h/3600-h.htm"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Ensaios&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.  "óptimos mesmo em pequenas doses."&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes"&gt;Descartes&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13846/13846-h/13846-h.htm"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Discurso do Método&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal"&gt;Pascal&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18269/18269-h/18269-h.htm"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Pensamentos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke"&gt;John Locke&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Ensaio sobre o Entendimento Humano&lt;/span&gt;  [&lt;a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10615/10615.txt"&gt;volume 1 (livros 1 e 2)&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10616/10616.txt"&gt;volume 2 (livros 3 e 4)&lt;/a&gt;]. "aconselho-vos a ler apenas o Livro III, o dedicado ao uso que fazemos das palavras. (...) leiam-no como se Locke estivesse a fazer um discurso moderno, talvez comparando as observações dele com as primeiras páginas do jornal e os debates de televisão do nosso tempo."&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Iluminismo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"&gt;Voltaire&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/candi10.txt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Cândido&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Séc. XIX&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopardi"&gt;Leopardi&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Zibaldone&lt;/span&gt;.  "aconselharia um pouco de cada vez, uma ou duas páginas na cama antes de adormecer."&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant"&gt;Kant&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Lições&lt;/span&gt;.  "(sobre assuntos nos quais ele não era especialista) (...) Nessas obras ele aparece mordaz, bizarro, com algo de um narrador e até capaz de exprimir opiniões paradoxais. Tentem ler as lições dele de antropologia." [Encontrei na Amazon as de &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521788048/qid=1152464379/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/002-9209561-3092867?v=glance&amp;s=books"&gt;Ética&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521000769/qid=1152464379/sr=1-2/ref=sr_1_2/002-9209561-3092867?v=glance&amp;amp;s=books"&gt;Metafísica&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521546915/qid=1152464379/sr=1-3/ref=sr_1_3/002-9209561-3092867?v=glance&amp;s=books"&gt;Lógica&lt;/a&gt; e &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/080149379X/qid=1152464379/sr=1-4/ref=sr_1_4/002-9209561-3092867?v=glance&amp;amp;s=books"&gt;Teologia Filosófica&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Contemporâneos&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein"&gt;Wittgenstein&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Investigações Filosóficas&lt;/span&gt;.  "De vez em quando dirão que ele era um louco. Mas que louco."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-115246164269309882?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/115246164269309882/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=115246164269309882' title='3 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/115246164269309882'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/115246164269309882'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/07/as-escolhas-de-umberto-eco.html' title='As escolhas de Umberto Eco'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-115111044050613820</id><published>2006-06-23T23:56:00.000Z</published><updated>2006-06-25T11:21:03.066Z</updated><title type='text'>Revisão de artigos</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Já fiz algumas revisões de artigos que me foram pedidas por diversas revistas científicas.  Em regra há indicações do prazo para o fazer, muitas vezes formulários mais ou menos específicos.  O que faltam sempre são orientações sobre o processo.  Uma questão básica, por exemplo: manter ou não o anonimato? O que fazer se conheço o autor pessoalmente? E se o que ele diz contradiz as minhas idéias ou, pior ainda, as minhas descobertas? E se ele se adiantou num trabalho que eu estou também a preparar?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Há muito a dizer sobre o próprio conceito de revisão por pares. A Wikipedia tem um &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review"&gt;artigo muito bem feito&lt;/a&gt; sobre esse processo, incluindo uma análise dos inconvenientes que lhe têm sido apontados, como o de ser um fomentador do conformismo. David Horrobin é ainda mais crítico, rejeitando completamente o conceito: &lt;a href="http://www.digibio.com/archive/SomethingRotten.htm"&gt;Something Rotten at the Core of Science?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mas por enquanto a revisão por pares faz parte do processo de publicação científica, e chegou um mail com um artigo para rever. E agora?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"&lt;a href="http://library.thinkquest.org/16665/shakey.htm"&gt;Fear not!&lt;/a&gt;" &lt;a href="http://www.digibio.com/archive/SomethingRotten.htm"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Deste artigo de &lt;a href="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/how_to_review_a_paper.pdf"&gt;Benos &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;et al&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/a&gt;, transcrevo um resumo do que é sugerido que sejam as responsabilidades do revisor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;The responsibilities of a reviewer can be summarized as follows.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;The reviewer should provide an honest, critical assessment of the research.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;The reviewer should maintain confidentiality about the existence and substance of the manuscript.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;The reviewer must not participate in plagiarism.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;The reviewer should always avoid, or disclose, any conflicts of interest. The reviewer should also avoid biases that influence the scientific basis for a review.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;The reviewer should accept manuscripts for review only in his/her areas of expertise.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;The reviewer should agree to review only those manuscripts that can be completed on time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;The reviewer also has the unpleasant responsibility of reporting suspected duplicate publication, fraud, plagiarism, or ethical concerns about the use of animals or humans in the research being reported.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;The reviewer should write reviews in a collegial, constructive manner.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-115111044050613820?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/115111044050613820/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=115111044050613820' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/115111044050613820'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/115111044050613820'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/06/reviso-de-artigos.html' title='Revisão de artigos'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-115103164941567021</id><published>2006-06-23T02:46:00.000Z</published><updated>2006-06-25T11:20:46.156Z</updated><title type='text'>Notas para a adequação</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Os ingleses chamam-lhe &lt;a href="http://www.qaa.ac.uk/academicinfrastructure/benchmark/default.asp"&gt;benchmarks&lt;/a&gt;, os americanos standards. Nós chamamos-lhe perfil de competências. Aqui fica uma contribuição para um debate sobre o assunto, baseada no que é feito do lado esquerdo do Atlântico:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www2.gsu.edu/%7Ewwwque/standards/biology/biostandards.html"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/320/que.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Students will be equipped with the ability to use and extend their scientific knowledge base throughout their lives if that knowledge base is presented in a context that stresses:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Scientific inquiry, reasoning and communication&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;History of biology and its past and present impact on society&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Information content in biology&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/1600/upr.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 59px; height: 39px;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/320/upr.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/1600/uprm.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 46px; height: 43px;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/320/uprm.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;A &lt;a href="http://www.uprm.edu/"&gt;Universidade de Porto Rico&lt;/a&gt; tem o &lt;a href="http://www.uprm.edu/biology/team/"&gt;curso de Biologia estruturado&lt;/a&gt; de uma forma que me parece exemplar:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;um plano estratégico de desenvolvimento&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;um plano de avaliação departamental, com metodologia delineada e divulgação dos resultados&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;perfis de competências dos alunos e matrizes de correlação com as disciplinas&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;o portfolio do curso e formulários para a avaliação de uma série de parâmetros.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Outras ligações úteis neste contexto:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A necessidade óbvia de alinhar conteúdos com a avaliação é demonstrada aqui, assim como são apresentadas CATs (Classroom Assessment Techniques):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/1600/flag.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/320/flag.png" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://physics.indiana.edu/%7Eredcube/"&gt;REDCUBE&lt;/a&gt; (RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND CHANGE IN UNDERGRADUATE BIOLOGY EDUCATION), uma compilação de R. R. Hake (1999)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.aibs.org/core/index.html"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/200/aibs-logo.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-115103164941567021?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/115103164941567021/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=115103164941567021' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/115103164941567021'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/115103164941567021'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/06/notas-para-adequao.html' title='Notas para a adequação'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-114878247307467572</id><published>2006-05-28T01:49:00.000Z</published><updated>2006-06-25T11:21:21.950Z</updated><title type='text'>Clique!</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Sabemos certas coisas, concordamos com elas e percebemos a hipocrisia das pessoas que escolhem discordar embora saibam que são verdade. Mas continuamos, porque afinal o urgente se sobrepõe ao importante. Ou, o que dá no mesmo, porque não há nada a fazer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E de repente (&lt;a href="http://www.viniciusdemoraes.com.br/poesia/sec_poesia_view.php?busca=separa%E7%E3o&amp;acao=buscar&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;id=160&amp;id_tipo=1&amp;amp;back_page=1"&gt;não mais que de repente&lt;/a&gt;) encontramos pessoas que não inverteram a ordem das prioridades. Pessoas que estão a fazer o que deve ser feito, a dizer o que precisa de ser dito.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hoje encontrei &lt;a href="http://www.davidsuzuki.org/About_us/Dr_David_Suzuki/"&gt;David Suzuki&lt;/a&gt;, e o clique deu-se com o seu texto &lt;a href="http://www.davidsuzuki.org/files/General/DTSbiotech.pdf"&gt;BIOTECHNOLOGY: A geneticists personal perspective&lt;/a&gt;. Diabo!, eu estudei genética pelo livro dele! E ele fala de Gen-Ética e faz sentido. Aponta as falhas da engenharia genética, e tudo é claro. Alerta para os perigos da ligação da universidade à indústria, e deixa-nos a pensar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Daqui saltei para &lt;a href="http://www.schumachercollege.org.uk/Teachers/Faculty.html#BrianGoodwin"&gt;Brian Goodwin&lt;/a&gt;, agora professor no &lt;a href="http://www.schumachercollege.org.uk/"&gt;Schumacher College&lt;/a&gt; (para onde apetece ir a correr estudar). Dos seus &lt;a href="http://www.schumachercollege.org.uk/Resources/Articles.html#Staff"&gt;artigos&lt;/a&gt;, li em diagonal &lt;a href="http://www.schumachercollege.org.uk/articles/college-articles/brian/fromcontrolto.html"&gt;From control to participation via a science of qualities&lt;/a&gt; e quando cheguei à parte da polémica entre &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe"&gt;Goethe&lt;/a&gt; e &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton"&gt;Newton&lt;/a&gt; sobre a teoria da cor vim a correr aqui escrever isto. Goethe não só fez melhor ciência que Newton, mas também a ligou às sensações que as cores nos transmitem. Ciência que liga refracção da luz, comprimentos de onda e a sensação de serenidade de um céu azul? Onde anda ela? Uma ciência humana, que nos reconcilie connosco e com a natureza: onde está?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-114878247307467572?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/114878247307467572/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=114878247307467572' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/114878247307467572'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/114878247307467572'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/05/clique.html' title='Clique!'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-114452392954214328</id><published>2006-04-08T19:17:00.000Z</published><updated>2006-04-08T19:19:31.236Z</updated><title type='text'>O importante...</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.borg.com/~rjgtoons/images/fun1.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px;" src="http://www.borg.com/~rjgtoons/images/fun1.gif" border="0" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-114452392954214328?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/114452392954214328/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=114452392954214328' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/114452392954214328'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/114452392954214328'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/04/o-importante.html' title='O importante...'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-114381843564616507</id><published>2006-03-31T15:19:00.000Z</published><updated>2006-03-31T15:22:30.236Z</updated><title type='text'>Pontos de vista</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/1600/entrete-tib37862.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/400/entrete-tib37862.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-114381843564616507?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/114381843564616507/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=114381843564616507' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/114381843564616507'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/114381843564616507'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/03/pontos-de-vista.html' title='Pontos de vista'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-114376346428075112</id><published>2006-03-30T22:21:00.000Z</published><updated>2006-03-31T15:23:29.283Z</updated><title type='text'>Breves notas sobre ciência</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;A minha ignorância literária é profunda. Para me penitenciar assino o &lt;a href="http://visaoonline.clix.pt/default.asp?CpContentId=327166"&gt;JL&lt;/a&gt;. Vale pelas crónicas do &lt;a href="http://www.joseluispeixoto.net/"&gt;José Luis Peixoto&lt;/a&gt;, pelas autobiografias, e pelas notícias do que vai acontecendo nesse estranho mundo da, dita, cultura. E foi assim que soube esta semana da publicação de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Breves Notas sobre a Ciência&lt;/span&gt;, de &lt;a href="http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/novasescritas/goncalomtavares/goncalomtavares1.html"&gt;Gonçalo M. Tavares&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quando alguém cuja obra literária merece &lt;a href="http://www.dlc.ua.pt/classicos/Gtavares.pdf"&gt;os mais rasgados elogios&lt;/a&gt; escreve sobre ciência, as minhas orelhinhas ficam logo alerta. E não é que o JL fez uma pré-publicação? Uma delícia! Aqui ficam uns &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;bocadillos&lt;/span&gt;, para abrir o apetite, enquanto o livro não está disponível.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;Investigar (1)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Como seria possível caminhar em direcção ao Mistério? Em direcção ao que não sei?&lt;br /&gt;Se eu caminho em direcção ao Mistério é porque o Mistério já foi desvendado por mim.&lt;br /&gt;Se tal se passasse no circo eu seria chamado de farsa.&lt;br /&gt;Tu já sabes onde esconderam a jóia (foste tu que a escondeste) e agora pedes para te colocarem uma venda nos olhos.&lt;br /&gt;Que estás a fazer, perguntam-te.&lt;br /&gt;Investigo- respondes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Uma hipótese&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;A alegria é um catalisador de uma experiência científica; a tristeza um inibidor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;A tristeza encolhe; como pode um homem triste descobrir algo?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Só quem é alegre arrisca.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;A tristeza é anti-científica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-style: italic;"&gt;O olhar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;O teu problema não é o Problema.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;O teu problema é a parte do Problema para onde tu olhas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-114376346428075112?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/114376346428075112/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=114376346428075112' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/114376346428075112'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/114376346428075112'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/03/breves-notas-sobre-cincia.html' title='Breves notas sobre ciência'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-114359804311819205</id><published>2006-03-29T01:46:00.000Z</published><updated>2006-03-29T02:07:24.563Z</updated><title type='text'>Evolução</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/1600/convergencia_small.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/320/convergencia_small.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v095n04/p1061-p1063.pdf"&gt;A. Brazier Howell&lt;/a&gt;, 1930. Aquatic mammals.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;"Nada em Biologia faz sentido, excepto à luz da evolução". &lt;a href="http://www.2think.org/dobzhansky.shtml"&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;É uma das minhas citações científicas preferidas, e certamente aquela que menciono mais vezes, em aulas e em conversas. E voltei a lembrar-me dela olhando esta ilustração, velhinha, de uma comparação que fiz ainda há dias aos meus estudantes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Este é um exemplo flagrante de evolução convergente: os tubarões, ictiossauros e golfinhos têm histórias evolutivas muito distintas, os dois últimos tendo inclusivamente evoluído a partir de um ancestral terrestre. A única explicação racional para a surprendente semelhança anatómica destes animais é a adaptação ao mesmo nicho ecológico, feita de novo com dezenas de milhões de anos de intervalo...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-114359804311819205?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/114359804311819205/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=114359804311819205' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/114359804311819205'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/114359804311819205'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/03/evoluo.html' title='Evolução'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-114251947397377306</id><published>2006-03-16T13:24:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2006-03-16T13:50:37.926-01:00</updated><title type='text'>A  B  C BOOK of Invertebrates</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/1600/anemone.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/320/anemone.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gostei de ver este &lt;a href="http://members.shaw.ca/adms/abc/abc.html"&gt;livrinho online&lt;/a&gt;, pelo modo como alia Biologia, Pintura e Poesia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lembrei-me do conceito de "&lt;a href="http://www.2think.org/hii/wilson.shtml"&gt;Consiliência&lt;/a&gt;", de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson"&gt;E. O. Wilson&lt;/a&gt;, conceito esse que parece ter tido pouca difusão, ao contrário de outros inventados por este entomólogo, como o de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociobiology"&gt;Sociobiologia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-114251947397377306?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/114251947397377306/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=114251947397377306' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/114251947397377306'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/114251947397377306'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/03/b-c-book-of-invertebrates.html' title='&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;A &lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;B &lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;C &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;purple&quot;&gt;BOOK&lt;/font&gt; of Invertebrates'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-114238039762417014</id><published>2006-03-14T22:50:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2006-03-14T22:56:37.056-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Ao que isto chegou...</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/1600/biologo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/320/biologo.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;Agradeço ao Tito Silva a chamada de atenção para este recorte.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-114238039762417014?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/114238039762417014/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=114238039762417014' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/114238039762417014'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/114238039762417014'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/03/ao-que-isto-chegou.html' title='Ao que isto chegou...'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-113691327489166234</id><published>2006-01-10T16:10:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2006-01-10T23:32:42.436-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Bifurcação</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Este blogue estava a ficar carregado de entradas relativas às questões específicas do ensino superior as quais, embora interessantes, fogem absolutamente ao tema. Solução? Bifurcar. Todas essas questões terão a partir de hoje o seu lugar noutro blogue, &lt;a href="http://aprendereensinar.blogspot.com/"&gt;Aprender e Ensinar&lt;/a&gt;, para onde migrarão inclusivé algumas das entradas que já aqui fiz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Logicamente, deveria fazer outro blogue para os meus comentários sobre peixes, mas por enquanto ficam aqui- sempre têm a ver com Biologia, pelo menos...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-113691327489166234?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/113691327489166234/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=113691327489166234' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113691327489166234'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113691327489166234'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/01/bifurcao.html' title='Bifurcação'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-113676566574346914</id><published>2006-01-08T22:21:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2006-01-08T23:18:45.890-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Humor científico</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://improbable.typepad.com/stinker-default.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 150px;" src="http://improbable.typepad.com/stinker-default.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Existem pelo menos três revistas humorísticas feitas por cientistas, para cientistas e sobre cientistas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conheci há alguns anos o &lt;a href="http://www.jir.com/home.html"&gt;Journal Of Irreproducible Results&lt;/a&gt; a propósito de um artigo hilariante sobre a relação entre o lançamento de tomates e o desempenho dos cantores de ópera. Note-se: fiquei impressionadíssimo pela esplêndida construção formal do artigo, em que eram cumpridas todas as normas de publicação científica, das figuras e tabelas e respectivas legendas, às citações e lista de referências (todas fictícias, obviamente, mas cada uma delas um fino exercício de humor).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Depois penso que houve uma desavença qualquer entre os editores, tendo daí nascido os &lt;a href="http://www.improbable.com/"&gt;Annals of Improbable Research&lt;/a&gt;. Esta é, no momento, a revista mais activa, com um blog e uma coluna semanal no The Guardian. Atribuem anualmente os prémios IgNobel, para pesquisa que não pode, ou não deve, ser reproduzida.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ambas as revistas são americanas, mas recentemente descobri que os ingleses (mesmo os cientistas) também têm sentido de humor. A revista chama-se &lt;a href="http://www.null-hypothesis.co.uk/index.html"&gt;Null Hypothesis&lt;/a&gt;, e foi o local de publicação do artigo seminal em que, a partir de um modelo matemático construído para explicar porque é que a torrada cai sempre com o lado da manteiga para baixo, Lewis Dartnell conclui que o Universo foi criado por um Deus malévolo.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-113676566574346914?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/113676566574346914/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=113676566574346914' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113676566574346914'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113676566574346914'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/01/humor-cientfico.html' title='Humor científico'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-113654664210717567</id><published>2006-01-06T09:42:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2006-01-08T23:19:57.650-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Código Ético Universal para Cientistas</title><content type='html'>Um grupo liderado por Sir David King, o &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Chief Scientific Adviser &lt;/span&gt; do governo britânico, elaborou uma proposta de código ético universal para cientistas que esteve em consulta e discussão em 2005 e se espera ser lançado oficialmente no Outono (ver &lt;a href="http://www.cst.gov.uk/cst/reports/#11"&gt;página no Council for Science and Technology&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quando vi &lt;a href="http://politics.guardian.co.uk/publicservices/story/0,11032,1678233,00.html"&gt;a notícia&lt;/a&gt;, estava à espera de um documento longo e complicado. Mas é um bloquinho de texto com menos de 20 linhas. Exactamente como eu gosto: sabedoria condensada, de aparência singela mas com implicações poderosas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Traduzo, para compreender melhor:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Rigor, respeito e responsabilidade: um código ético universal para cientistas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Rigor, honestidade e integridade&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Agir com competência e cuidado em todo o trabalho científico. Manter as suas competências actualizadas e ajudar ao seu desenvolvimento noutros.&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Tomar medidas para prevenir práticas corruptas e mau comportamento profissional. Declarar conflitos de interesse.&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Estar alerta para os modos em que a sua investigação deriva e afecta o trabalho de outras pessoas, e respeitar os direitos e a reputação de outros.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Respeito pela vida, a lei e o bem público&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Assegurar que o seu trabalho é legal e justificado.&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Minimizar e justificar qualquer efeito adverso que o seu trabalho possa ter em pessoas, animais e o ambiente natural.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Comunicação responsável: ouvir e informar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Procurar discutir os assuntos que a ciência traz à sociedade. Ouvir as aspirações e as preocupações dos outros.&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Não enganar conscientemente, ou permitir que outros sejam enganados, acerca de assuntos científicos. Apresentar e rever as evidências, teorias ou interpretações científicas com honestidade e exactidão.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-113654664210717567?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/113654664210717567/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=113654664210717567' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113654664210717567'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113654664210717567'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2006/01/cdigo-tico-universal-para-cientistas.html' title='Código Ético Universal para Cientistas'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-113426523228261825</id><published>2005-12-11T00:19:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2005-12-11T00:40:33.233-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Pinter</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/2005/pinter_lecture.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 100px;" src="http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/2005/pinter_lecture.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Li o &lt;a href="http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/2005/pinter-lecture-e.html"&gt;discurso&lt;/a&gt; de &lt;a href="http://www.haroldpinter.org/home/index.shtml"&gt;Harold Pinter&lt;/a&gt; na cerimónia de atribuição do Nobel. Estou agora a ver o respectivo &lt;a href="http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/2005/pinter-lecture-hi.ram"&gt;video&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As imagens de violência de estado dirigidas contra inocentes, conjuradas por Pinter em texto e em prosa, fizeram-me estremecer. Como nós, essas pessoas viviam as suas vidas, cuidavam dos seus filhos, trabalhavam, estudavam. O seu mundo, no entanto, foi destruído por razões que lhes eram estranhas, por decisões tomadas em lugares muito distantes, em nome de princípios frios de estratégia e de finanças.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nós vivemos as nossas vidas, cuidamos dos nossos filhos, trabalhamos, estudamos. O que nos protege? O nosso silêncio, a nossa ignorância da "tapeçaria de mentiras" em que vivemos? E, nesse caso, até quando?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-113426523228261825?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/113426523228261825/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=113426523228261825' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113426523228261825'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113426523228261825'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/12/pinter.html' title='Pinter'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-113348898061745203</id><published>2005-12-02T00:30:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2005-12-02T01:11:26.853-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Roger Schank</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/images/rcs.gif" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Leio sempre com prazer os textos de R. Schank na sua coluna &lt;a href="http://www.socraticarts.com/schank/outrage.htm"&gt;Educational Outrage&lt;/a&gt;. No contexto da reorganização de Bolonha, é refrescante ler a sua lista das acções que as universidades deveriam tomar se quisessem de facto que as pessoas acreditassem que a educação dos estudantes é a sua primeira prioridade:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Todos os candidatos deveriam ser admitidos. (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;A única limitação deveria ser a do espaço&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Os professores não deveriam determinar o curriculo. "&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;Professors are enamored with theories and ideas precisely because that is what they deal with all day. If you want practical real world skills, you won’t learn them from them.&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;As disciplinas não deveriam ter uma duração fixa, e não deveriam ser frequentadas em paralelo. "&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;And how long should a course take? As long as it takes to learn whatever it is the student is trying to learn how to do.&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;O ensino devia ter lugar quando fosse necessário.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;As disciplinas deveriam ser dominadas por projectos e não por lições (lectures).&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt; "&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;projects work well in courses where the end result is a student who has learned to actually do something. This should be true of all fields not just ones that are obviously about doing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Os curricula deviam ser desenhados como preparação para o emprego. "&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;Let students prepare for one or many jobs that interest them. Stop all the academic pretense.&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Ter sucesso na escola não deveria significar ganhar uma competição.&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt; "&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;As long as school is viewed as a competition, we will have players of the game who are good at the game but learn very little.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;A licenciatura não deveria ser determinada pelo total de créditos acumulados. "&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;You should graduate when you can demonstrate some abilities that you didn’t have before you started school.&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;As propinas deveriam ser baratas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;O campus deveria ser sério, i.e. não relacionado com festas, bebida, futebol, praxes ou actividades extracurriculares.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-113348898061745203?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/113348898061745203/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=113348898061745203' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113348898061745203'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113348898061745203'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/12/roger-schank.html' title='Roger Schank'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-113313281632184168</id><published>2005-11-27T21:49:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2005-11-27T22:07:48.930-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Técnicas pedagógicas</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/imagens/hardknocks.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/imagens/hardknocks.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De facto as pessoas habituam-se a tudo. Até a ver os seus sonhos morrerem debaixo do peso dos testes, exames, prepotências, decoranços e cábulas. Até não restar mais que um diploma...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-113313281632184168?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/113313281632184168/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=113313281632184168' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113313281632184168'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113313281632184168'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/11/tcnicas-pedaggicas.html' title='Técnicas pedagógicas'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-113201658265589761</id><published>2005-11-14T23:18:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2005-11-15T00:03:02.690-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Make poverty history</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Há ideias feitas, que se aceitam acriticamente, e que no entanto têm um poder destrutivo imenso. Algumas delas foram mesmo criadas para isso mesmo. Veja-se por exemplo a ideia de que &lt;a href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20153855%7EmenuPK:435040%7EpagePK:148956%7EpiPK:216618%7EtheSitePK:430367,00.html#new_directions"&gt;pobreza é não ter dinheiro&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://sl.wus0.com/quclk.go?rd=http://www.newint.org/issue310/keynote.htm&amp;res=1963&amp;amp;crid=7fa1c3914d33cd30&amp;pos=2&amp;amp;mr=10&amp;qu=poverty"&gt;Claro que não é&lt;/a&gt;. Antes de haver dinheiro, toda a gente era pobre? Num mundo em que tudo é visto em termos comerciais, em que tudo se compra, as pessoas não percebem que a definição fundamental de pobreza é a incapacidade de se bastar a si próprio. E que na esmagadora maioria dos casos, essa incapacidade resulta de injustiças contemporâneas ou passadas. A pobreza em África, por exemplo, não derivará da expropriação a que o continente foi exposto desde há séculos?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Li só hoje o artigo de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rieff"&gt;David Rieff&lt;/a&gt; na &lt;a href="http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/vis_index.php?select_issue=507&amp;amp;AuthKey=8f96729c9aff66b59a15936fb5d1a982"&gt;Prospect de Julho&lt;/a&gt; (v. &lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,5222976-111488,00.html"&gt;artigo resumido no Guardian&lt;/a&gt;), em que ele argumenta que o &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liveaid"&gt;LiveAid&lt;/a&gt; complicou a situação política que se vivia na Etiópia na altura, tendo sido aproveitado para dar cobertura a um projecto estalinista de recolocação forçada e assassínios em massa que terá morto mais pessoas do que aquelas que foram salvas pela ajuda "humanitária".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E fico a pensar que era bom que este &lt;a href="http://www.makepovertyhistory.org/"&gt;novo movimento&lt;/a&gt;, cheio naturalmente de boas intenções, não passasse disso mesmo. Porque se é o actual paradigma do "desenvolvimento" que cria a pobreza, será possível erradicá-la sem mudar os pressupostos?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-113201658265589761?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/113201658265589761/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=113201658265589761' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113201658265589761'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113201658265589761'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/11/make-poverty-history.html' title='Make poverty history'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-113192820339688605</id><published>2005-11-13T23:17:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2005-11-13T23:30:03.410-01:00</updated><title type='text'>O porto da Calheta</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/imagens/spedr24.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/imagens/spedr24.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Foto: Álvaro Saraiva&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Fará alguma confusão aos mais novos, mas o parque de estacionamento da Calheta, ou seja o recinto da festa de São Pedro, ou seja ainda a localização do futuro casino de São Miguel, já foram um porto de pesca artesanal, uma enseada abrigada onde eu nunca mergulhei mas onde muita vez fui buscar água salgada ou fazer triagens de material recém-recolhido. Ver &lt;a href="http://www.jfspedro.com/index.php?pag=fotos"&gt;mais fotos aqui&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-113192820339688605?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/113192820339688605/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=113192820339688605' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113192820339688605'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113192820339688605'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/11/o-porto-da-calheta.html' title='O porto da Calheta'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-113141008628107335</id><published>2005-11-07T23:03:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2005-11-07T23:34:46.320-01:00</updated><title type='text'>Eric Hoffer</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/imagens/erichoffer.gif" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Acho que ganhei o gosto pelos aforismos com os &lt;a href="http://www.dustin.icenter.pl/ruminations/notebooks_of_lazarus_long.htm"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;notebooks &lt;/span&gt;de Lazarus Long&lt;/a&gt;. Descobri hoje &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hoffer"&gt;Eric Hoffer&lt;/a&gt;, e estou fascinado. Pela profundidade, pelo desprendimento, pela lucidez. Lembrou-me Fernando Pessoa, pela capacidade de nos obrigar a enfrentar o óbvio e ver o inesperado. Deixo aqui três citações, que talvez não que expliquem o fascínio, mas têm a ver com o espírito do blogue.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Simplicity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In products of the human mind, simplicity marks the end of a process of refining, while complexity marks a primitive stage. Michelangelo's definition of art as the purgation of superfluities suggests that the creative effort consists largely in the elimination of that which complicates and confuses a pattern. 1954&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;The scientific method&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;How rare it is to come accross a piece of writing that is unambiguous, unqualified, and also unblurred by understatements or subtelties, and yet at the same time urbane and tolerant. It is a vice of the scientific method when applied to human affairs that it fosters hemming and hawing and a scrupulousness that easily degenerates into obscurity and meaninglessness. 1960&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;  &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Wordiness&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A multitude of words is probably the most formidable means of blurring and obscuring thought. There is no thought, however momentous, that cannot be expressed lucidly in 200 words. 1954&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-113141008628107335?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/113141008628107335/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=113141008628107335' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113141008628107335'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113141008628107335'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/11/eric-hoffer.html' title='Eric Hoffer'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-113087921477189857</id><published>2005-11-01T19:40:00.000-01:00</published><updated>2005-11-01T21:37:00.253-01:00</updated><title type='text'>As carpas e a invenção do alfabeto</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A propósito de uma discussão &lt;a href="http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/10/luz-no-escuro.html"&gt;passada&lt;/a&gt;, descobri que existia uma tradução portuguesa das “Just so stories”, de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipling"&gt;Rudyard Kipling&lt;/a&gt; (“Histórias assim mesmo”, 1999, Ed. Caminho, admiravelmente traduzidas por &lt;a href="http://www.editorial-caminho.pt/cache/html/show_autor__q1area_--_3Dcatalogo__--_3D_obj_--_3D31823__q236__q30__q41__q5.htm"&gt;Ana Saldanha&lt;/a&gt;, no âmbito da sua tese de doutoramento). São histórias para miúdos, de facto, mas têm camadas, como eu gosto. Eles riem-se com os disparates e as cenas caricaturais, e nós ficamos a pensar no resto.&lt;br /&gt;Comecei pel'“O Filho de Elefante”, porque tinha visto referências ao poema final, cuja primeira quadra merecia figurar em todos os laboratórios de investigação, e nas capas dos cadernos de todos os estudantes universitários:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Tenho seis criados, vai pasmando&lt;br /&gt;(Tudo o que sei me ensinaram bem)&lt;br /&gt;Chamam-se O Quê e Porquê e Quando&lt;br /&gt;E Como e Onde e Quem.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Numa outra história, “Como a primeira carta foi escrita”, Kipling descreve uma cena muito cómica que resulta da tentativa de Taffimai Metallumai (que quer dizer «Pessoa-pequena-sem-maneiras-nenhumas-que-devia-ser-açoitada»), a esperta filhinha de Tegumai Bopsulai («Homem-que-não-põe-um-pé-à-frente-do-outro-à-pressa»), de mandar um recado à sua mãe através de um desenho feito numa casca de salgueiro. A história passou-se no Neolítico e foi gravada numa presa de elefante que fazia parte de uma velha trompa tribal da Tribo de Tegumai. Tegumai tinha partido a sua lança a pescar carpas no rio Wagai, e a primeira carta alguma vez escrita pretendia dizer “Mãe, traz a lança preta grande, que está dentro da caverna”. A mãe pensou que a filha e o marido estavam a ser atacados e alvoroçou a tribo inteira.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/imagens/historia.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 200px;" src="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/imagens/historia.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A pequena Taffimai, assustada mas ao mesmo tempo fascinada com o poder da sua invenção, inventou o alfabeto com a ajuda do pai, para resolver o problema de transmitir o que queria dizer de maneira a não haver más interpretações.&lt;br /&gt;A primeira letra inventada foi o “A”. A maneira de a dizer lembrou a Taffimai uma &lt;a href="http://fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?ID=1450&amp;genusname=Cyprinus&amp;amp;speciesname=carpio+carpio"&gt;carpa&lt;/a&gt; com a boca escancarada. “Não sabes como elas ficam de cabeça para baixo a escarafunchar na lama?” perguntou ela ao pai. E desenhou-a assim (1). Foi Tegumai que lembrou que as carpas têm barbilhos (2), e a letra acabou por ficar mais ou menos como a conhecemos hoje (3).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/imagens/A.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/imagens/A.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A segunda letra foi o Y, que seria a cauda da carpa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/imagens/Y.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/imagens/Y.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Já se está a ver que imaginação não faltava a esta dupla. O “S” inspirou-se na cobra, claro, o “O” num ovo, e por aí adiante. Os peixes voltaram a ser fonte de inspiração para o “G”, de glutão, que foi desenhado a partir da boca do &lt;a href="http://fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?ID=258&amp;genusname=Esox&amp;amp;speciesname=lucius"&gt;lúcio&lt;/a&gt; (30), ficando o “K” a ser representado por uma lança atrás desse mesmo símbolo (31).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/imagens/K.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/imagens/K.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esta é pois uma importante  contribuição da Ictiologia para a cultura universal, a somar aos textos literários de Bertolt Brecht e do Pe. António Vieira (&lt;a href="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/pessoal/blog2004.htm"&gt;v. entrada de 11.Nov.2004&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-113087921477189857?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/113087921477189857/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=113087921477189857' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113087921477189857'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113087921477189857'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/11/as-carpas-e-inveno-do-alfabeto.html' title='As carpas e a invenção do alfabeto'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-113019584168285687</id><published>2005-10-24T22:48:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-10-24T23:17:21.690Z</updated><title type='text'>Falácias leva-as o vento...</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;O verdadeiro biólogo adora taxonomia. Procurar as características que aproximam os labrídeos dos pomacentrídeos, meter tudo em caixinhas, umas pequeninas dentro de outras maiores e essas dentro de outras maiores ainda,... pode lá haver prazer maior!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E é assim porque a taxonomia dá muito jeito. Posso dizer "os felinos" e toda a gente sabe do que estou a falar. E o jeito que dá tem a ver com o facto de a taxonomia não ser arbitrária, mas reflectir uma estrutura básica da natureza de que o Linnaeus nem suspeitava. De modo que, quando se passou de classificar pelas parecenças para classificar pelas afinidades evolutivas, o esquema geral não se alterou. Salvo algumas excepções, quanto mais parecido mais aparentado.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A taxonomia simplifica a estrutura do mundo real, ajudando-nos a compreendê-la e a utilizá-la.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Uma &lt;a href="http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/skeptic/arguments.html"&gt;taxonomia das falácias&lt;/a&gt;, como a compilada por Don Lindsay, tem essa mesma funcionalidade: ajudar as pessoas a analisarem o que lhes dizem, e a encontrarem padrões, que são depois mais fáceis de comunicar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Há dias estive numa situação em que vi aplicar asserções ambíguas, argumentação por discurso rápido (e por observação selectiva, por leitura selectiva, por números pequenos), confundir correlação com causa, falácia redutiva...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Miau?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-113019584168285687?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/113019584168285687/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=113019584168285687' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113019584168285687'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113019584168285687'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/10/falcias-leva-as-o-vento.html' title='Falácias leva-as o vento...'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-113010822523820150</id><published>2005-10-23T22:35:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-10-24T20:51:48.420Z</updated><title type='text'>As implicações do direito de aprender</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/imagens/teacher.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/imagens/teacher.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Claude Lefebvre (?), &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Un précepteur et son élève&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Seguindo uma excelente discussão sobre aprender e ensinar (que começou &lt;a href="http://conversamos.blogspot.com/2005/10/glossrio-de-palavras-mui-amadas.html"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt; e divergiu para &lt;a href="http://retorica-pt.blogspot.com/2005_10_01_retorica-pt_archive.html#112968497981186982"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt; e para &lt;a href="http://conversamos.blogspot.com/2005/10/vizinhanas_19.html"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;), relembrei-me que vi fundamentada a minha posição sobre estes assuntos com &lt;a href="http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-illic.htm"&gt;Ivan Illich&lt;/a&gt;. Na procura do "&lt;a href="http://www.preservenet.com/theory/Illich/Deschooling/intro.html"&gt;Deschooling Society&lt;/a&gt;", encontrei o &lt;a href="http://www.preservenet.com/"&gt;Preservation Institute&lt;/a&gt;. Gostei logo do primeiro parágrafo do seu texto de apresentação:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;"Today, most people recognize that modernization and growth can harm the natural environment. The Preservation Institute believes that &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;modernization also damages the social environment&lt;/span&gt; - that many of our social problems are side-effects of modernization and economic growth." (Ênfase meu)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Vou &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;aprender &lt;/span&gt; mais sobre eles, mas quiz deixar aqui o convite. Pode ser que &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;persuada &lt;/span&gt; alguém a ler algum destes textos. Ou os de &lt;a href="http://www.persuasao.com/index.html"&gt;Américo de Sousa&lt;/a&gt;, cuja página já adicionei aos favoritos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-113010822523820150?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/113010822523820150/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=113010822523820150' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113010822523820150'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/113010822523820150'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/10/as-implicaes-do-direito-de-aprender.html' title='As implicações do direito de aprender'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112973417586209187</id><published>2005-10-19T14:53:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-10-19T15:02:55.873Z</updated><title type='text'>Ship of fools</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.goma.demon.co.uk/eco/ship%20of%20fools.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://www.goma.demon.co.uk/eco/ship%20of%20fools.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.goma.demon.co.uk/index.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:78%;" &gt;Chris Madden&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perguntei uma vez a um economista, dos poucos que ainda têm alguma preocupação ambiental, como era possível manter uma economia baseada no crescimento constante num mundo de recursos finitos. A resposta, evidentemente pouco pensada, foi que o conceito de tempo dos economistas era diferente do dos biólogos. Implícita ficou a ideia de que a economia está assente no curto prazo, e que o planear o futuro longíquo não dá dinheiro. Nem votos.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112973417586209187?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112973417586209187/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112973417586209187' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112973417586209187'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112973417586209187'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/10/ship-of-fools.html' title='Ship of fools'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112968432608614212</id><published>2005-10-19T00:03:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-10-24T08:17:56.833Z</updated><title type='text'>Era fatal...</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.lambiek.net/fazenda_joao.htm"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/imagens/medodopato.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;... tinha que falar da gripe das aves. Desculpem. Continuem lá o zapping.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A sociedade ocidental é controlada pelo medo. Medo dos terroristas. Medo dos pretos, dos ciganos, dos emigrantes. E medo das doenças.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Periodicamente surge uma doença da moda, que vai matar toda a gente. Ganham os políticos, com o povão a olhar para outro lado e eles a poderem mostrar que controlam (est)a situação. Ganham os jornalistas, e ganham muito mais os donos das multinacionais que controlam a imprensa. Ganham os laboratórios farmacêuticos. E no final não morre ninguém, e ficamos todos contentes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Foi assim com a sida*, com a doença das vacas loucas, com a SARS, e agora com a gripe das aves.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reparei como a coisa começou, há uns meses, com pequenas notícias dispersas sobre as pandemias de gripe, e entrou depois na actual espiral. Valia a pena tentar saber se a &lt;a href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/story.cfm?c_id=3&amp;ObjectID=10350205"&gt;guerra judicial entre a Roche e a Gilead Sciences Inc&lt;/a&gt;, o laboratório que inventou o Tamiflu, tem alguma coisa a ver com isto. Os inventores fundamentavam a queixa na alegação de que os compradores não faziam uma divulgação suficiente do produto...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agora, claro, com &lt;a href="http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/country/cases_table_2005_10_10/en/index.html"&gt;60 pessoas mortas desde 2003&lt;/a&gt;, o assunto adquire importância mundial. E tinha mesmo que ser, não é? Sessenta pessoas em 2 anos isso dá, para aí, 3 mortos por mês. Assustador. Sobretudo se comparado com as 3 pessoas que morrem por dia nas estradas de Portugal. E estamos a falar de um conjunto de países no Sudoeste Asiático com uma população de mais de 400.000.000 de pessoas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mas, &lt;a href="http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/avian_faqs/en/index.html#present"&gt;dizem-me&lt;/a&gt;, esta doença é perigosíssima em pessoas: das 117 infectadas morreram 60. Logo, se és infectado tens 50% de hipóteses de sobreviver. (OMS: "&lt;a href="http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/avian_faqs/en/index.html#present"&gt;In the present outbreak, more than half of those infected with the virus have died.&lt;/a&gt;"; "&lt;a href="http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/country/cases_table_2005_10_10/en/index.html"&gt;WHO reports only laboratory-confirmed cases.&lt;/a&gt;") Hummm...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em Portugal, a quantas pessoas é que é feita a análise molecular da estirpe do vírus que a infectou? E agora imagine-se no Viet Nam? Quantos indivíduos estavam na sua barraquinha, com uma hortinha, um porco, umas galinhas e patos à solta no quintal, sentiram-se mal, uma gripezita, três dias de cama e pronto? Ninguém sabe, mas eu imagino que devem ter sido muitos. Parece-me lógico que só os casos mais graves terão ido parar ao hospital, e destes só os mais estranhos terão sido testados. E, entre esses, não é de estranhar que a mortalidade seja elevada.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mas, dizem-me, existe a possibilidade de o vírus se transmitir entre humanos. Pois existe. Assim como existe a possibilidade de eu ganhar o Euromilhões. E hoje o José Rodrigues dos Santos já dizia "QUANDO a pandemia começar..." Foi do entusiasmo, de certeza, eu até tenho boa impressão do rapaz!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mas não se pense que não me assustei. Fiquei até muito aflito, mas foi quando começaram a falar de aves migratórias. Cheguei a pensar que iam sugerir o abate em larga escala de patos selvagens, gansos, cegonhas, flamingos, essa passarada toda que anda para aí criminosamente a espalhar doenças. Mas não. Ninguém falou nisso. Pelo menos ainda não. Falam é em proibir a caça- sempre há males que vêm por bem.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para continuar a rir com este assunto (para não chorar) ler o texto de &lt;a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/pensata/ult2707u23.shtml"&gt;João Pereira Coutinho&lt;/a&gt;. Para os masoquistas, que querem mesmo é chorar, recomendo o blogue &lt;a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/pensata/ult2707u23.shtml"&gt;Pharma Watch&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;* Desta não morreu ninguém, mas não há motivos para contentamento...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112968432608614212?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112968432608614212/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112968432608614212' title='4 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112968432608614212'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112968432608614212'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/10/era-fatal.html' title='Era fatal...'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112950739633109440</id><published>2005-10-16T23:30:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-10-17T00:04:21.120Z</updated><title type='text'>Quando é que chega?</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Por falar em princípio da precaução, um tal Gary Kobinger e seus colaboradores misturaram proteínas do virus Ébola no HIV. Andam a fazer testes em ratos mas querem passar à fase de aplicação em humanos. É verdade- há "cientistas" não só a trabalhar com aquilo que muita gente pensa serem dois dos vírus mais mortíferos que se conhecem, mas a misturá-los um com o outro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quem é esse criminoso?, perguntarão. Pois é um investigador da Universidade da Pensilvânia. Andei pelo &lt;a href="http://www.upenn.edu/"&gt;site&lt;/a&gt;, mas não consegui dar com a página dele. E a justificação? Arranjar uma maneira de introduzir um gene normal em células pulmonares de pessoas sofrendo de mucoviscidose. A história está contada &lt;a href="http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4072626.stm"&gt;nesta peça da BBC&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Claro que eu sei que o HIV é um vírus passageiro absolutamente inofensivo (&lt;a href="http://www.duesberg.com/papers/The%20AIDS%20Dilemma.pdf"&gt;Deusberg &amp; Rasnick, 1998&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="http://www.duesberg.com/papers/chemical-bases.html"&gt;Deusberg &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;et al&lt;/span&gt;., 2003&lt;/a&gt;), mas a questão não é essa. A questão é como alguém pode ter a arrogância de manipular coisas que não conhece mas que sabe/pensa serem extremamente perigosas, não só com impunidade mas até com financiamento público? Esta gente não sabe que não está a lidar com máquinas? Pode tirar-se o motor de um Porsche e colocá-lo num VW carocha e ficar com um carro que anda que é uma beleza. Mas os sistemas biológicos são inerentemente imprevisíveis. São &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems"&gt;sistemas complexos&lt;/a&gt;, bolas! Vão ler!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Não há limites para esta ciência?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112950739633109440?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112950739633109440/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112950739633109440' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112950739633109440'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112950739633109440'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/10/quando-que-chega.html' title='Quando é que chega?'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112950535627158850</id><published>2005-10-16T22:52:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-10-17T00:05:45.820Z</updated><title type='text'>Hormese</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Hormese é a minha melhor tradução para o termo inglês "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormesis"&gt;hormesis&lt;/a&gt;". Significa que um determinado produto (normalmente um poluente, ou uma toxina) tem efeitos opostos em doses altas e em doses baixas. Um livro recentemente editado,com o provocativo título "&lt;a href="http://www.lfb.com/index.php?action=help&amp;helpfile=underexposedexcerpt.html"&gt;UNDEREXPOSED: What If Radiation Is Actually GOOD for You?&lt;/a&gt;" faz o ponto da situação relativamente à radiação. E advoga que a hormese contradiz o princípio actualmente aplicado de que toda a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation"&gt;radiação ionizante&lt;/a&gt; é prejudicial, mesmo em pequenas doses. Isto tem, evidentemente, implicações fortes para as actuais políticas de avaliação de risco nuclear.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Façamos uma experiência: quantas pessoas morreram como consequência directa do acidente de Chernobyl? Pense num número e depois veja este artigo de &lt;a href="http://www.techcentralstation.com/091905D.html"&gt;Michael Fumento&lt;/a&gt;. E, para as bases teóricas da hormese radioactiva, este de &lt;a href="http://www.angelfire.com/mo/radioadaptive/inthorm.html"&gt;S. M. Javd Mortazavi&lt;/a&gt;. E lá se vai uma das minhas razões para me opor à energia nuclear...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um toxicologista chamado &lt;a href="http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/041018/18calabrese.htm"&gt;Edward Calabrese&lt;/a&gt; está desde há alguns anos a acordar o campo paralelo da hormese química. Basta ver os seus &lt;a href="http://secure.b-on.pt/V/LF5KSUBB1YTHEKMLFV45GH38S2PBP4DDPB8PS3UMCX3IQVIC1E-30325?func=quick-3&amp;amp;short-format=002&amp;set_number=024112&amp;amp;set_entry=000001&amp;amp;format=999"&gt;artigos na B-On&lt;/a&gt;. E digo acordar porque há um velho ditado dos farmacêuticos: "O veneno está na dose". Será que afinal as dioxinas da co-incineração até fazem bem à saúde?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E o &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precautionary_Principle"&gt;princípio da precaução&lt;/a&gt;, onde fica? Na determinação do nível aceitável?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112950535627158850?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112950535627158850/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112950535627158850' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112950535627158850'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112950535627158850'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/10/hormese.html' title='Hormese'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112950296145039737</id><published>2005-10-16T21:47:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-10-17T00:45:26.950Z</updated><title type='text'>A luz no escuro</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/1600/luz.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/200/luz.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Já comparei a ciência a uma luz muito fraca numa noite muito escura, num lugar desconhecido. Ela ilumina só um bocadinho, e mesmo assim mal. E nós temos que ir juntando os bocadinhos que uma pessoa vê aqui com os bocadinhos que outro vê ali, e ir reconstituindo o caminho. Por isso é tão importante ser de uma integridade absoluta quando reportamos o que vemos do nosso bocadinho: é que outros vão usar essa informação e construir a partir daí. Um erro inicial pode multiplicar-se e levar a cair no abismo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Há um célebre texto de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman"&gt;Richard Feynman&lt;/a&gt; que descreve exactamente aquilo que eu quero dizer:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;It's a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty--a kind of leaning over backwards. For example, if you're doing an experiment, you should report everything that you think might make it invalid--not only what you think is right about it: other causes that could possibly explain your results; and things you thought of that you've eliminated by some other experiment, and how they worked--to make sure the other fellow can tell they have been eliminated.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Details that could throw doubt on your interpretation must be given, if you know them. You must do the best you can--if you know anything at all wrong, or possibly wrong--to explain it. If you make a theory, for example, and advertise it, or put it out, then you must also put down all the facts that disagree with it, as well as those that agree with it. There is also a more subtle problem. When you have put a lot of ideas together to make an elaborate theory, you want to make sure, when explaining what it fits, that those things it fits are not just the things that gave you the idea for the theory; but that the finished theory makes something else come out right, in addition.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In summary, the idea is to give all of the information to help others to judge the value of your contribution; not just the information that leads to judgement in one particular direction or another.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.physics.brocku.ca/etc/cargo_cult_science.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;Caltech commencement address, 1974&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;É isto que as pessoas esperam dos "cientistas" mas que, infelizmente, muitas vezes não recebem. Às vezes recebem "hipóteses", normalmente muito bem envolvidas em roupagens teóricas. Tão envolvidas em linguagem técnica, de facto, que se tornam incompreensíveis. E vêm, então, acompanhadas de cálculos, ou experiências, gráficos e tabelas que, se não se percebem, pelo menos inspiram confiança. Perca-se um bocadinho a analisar aquilo tudo, no entanto, e percebe-se o truque: não há nada ali de substancial. O autor viu uma coincidência engraçada, elaborou a sua hipótese, fez uns cálculos superficiais que a pareceram confirmar e não mexeu mais. Aplicam-se os critérios de Feynmam e vemos a "hipótese" pelo que ela é: uma "&lt;a href="http://wiki.cotch.net/index.php/Just_So_Story"&gt;just-so story&lt;/a&gt;" &lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(&lt;a href="http://www.boop.org/jan/justso/"&gt;ler as originais aqui&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;, uma idéia gira que, sem suporte empírico, não passa disso.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112950296145039737?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112950296145039737/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112950296145039737' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112950296145039737'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112950296145039737'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/10/luz-no-escuro.html' title='A luz no escuro'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112898243111050672</id><published>2005-10-10T21:35:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-10-10T22:13:52.300Z</updated><title type='text'>Doutoramento</title><content type='html'>Tanto quanto eu saiba, os doutoramentos são regidos em Portugal pelo &lt;a href="http://www.snesup.pt/juridica/legislacao/graus/mestr_dout_216_92.htm"&gt;Decreto-Lei 216/92, de 13/10&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lá se diz (artº 17) que "&lt;strong&gt;O grau de doutor comprova a realização de uma contribuição inovadora e original para o progresso no conhecimento, um alto nível cultural numa determinada área do conhecimento e a aptidão para realizar trabalho científico independente&lt;/strong&gt;." É esta, portanto, a definição oficial de doutor.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112898243111050672?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112898243111050672/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112898243111050672' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112898243111050672'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112898243111050672'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/10/doutoramento.html' title='Doutoramento'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112795102714099675</id><published>2005-09-28T23:30:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-09-28T23:43:47.146Z</updated><title type='text'>A primeira obra de ficção científica...</title><content type='html'>...é de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"&gt;Voltaire&lt;/a&gt;. Chama-se &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromegas"&gt;Micromegas&lt;/a&gt; e o texto pode ser lido &lt;a href="http://wondersmith.com/scifi/micro.htm"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;. Fui atraído para a ficção científica por poder constituir uma reflexão sobre o mundo de hoje, uma construção de cenários possíveis, a descrição de uma utopia. Fico contente por saber que essas são mesmo as sua origens.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112795102714099675?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112795102714099675/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112795102714099675' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112795102714099675'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112795102714099675'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/09/primeira-obra-de-fico-cientfica.html' title='A primeira obra de ficção científica...'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112794988778184655</id><published>2005-09-28T22:48:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-09-28T23:24:47.790Z</updated><title type='text'>Bondade</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau"&gt;Rousseau&lt;/a&gt; estava errado. Em toda a linha. Não há &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_savage"&gt;bons selvagens&lt;/a&gt;, antes pelo contrário. Deixado a si próprio, o indivíduo é dominado por sentimentos negativos, tendo o egoísmo como centro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dito de outra maneira, o estado "natural" da nossa espécie compreende comportamentos que tenderíamos a descrever hoje, do nosso ponto de vista ocidental, como inaceitáveis. O racismo violento, por exemplo. O infanticídio. O canibalismo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E, no entanto, há pessoas boas. Não estou a falar de quem não diz palavrões, ou de quem respeita as filas. Estou a falar de pessoas tão fundamentalmente boas que só podem ter nascido assim. Que não conseguem, visceralmente, fazer mal a ninguém.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conhecê-las reconcilia-nos com a vida e, se não nos devolve a esperança num futuro radioso para a humanidade, dá-nos pelo menos a certeza de que valem a pena os esforços de contradizer o mal que há no fundo de cada um.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112794988778184655?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112794988778184655/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112794988778184655' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112794988778184655'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112794988778184655'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/09/bondade.html' title='Bondade'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112725806003876901</id><published>2005-09-20T23:04:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-09-25T23:24:16.906Z</updated><title type='text'>Passos para a qualidade</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;A &lt;a href="http://qaa.ac.uk/"&gt;Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education&lt;/a&gt; (adoro este nome!) elaborou um &lt;a href="http://qaa.ac.uk/academicinfrastructure/codeOfPractice/default.asp"&gt;Code of practice for the assurance of academic quality and standards in higher education&lt;/a&gt;. Tem 10 secções:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;1 Postgraduate research programmes&lt;br /&gt;2 Collaborative provision and flexible and distributed learning (including e-learning)&lt;br /&gt;3 Students with disabilities&lt;br /&gt;4 External examining&lt;br /&gt;5 Academic appeals and student complaints on academic matters&lt;br /&gt;6 Assessment of students&lt;br /&gt;7 Programme approval, monitoring and review&lt;br /&gt;8 Career education, information and guidance&lt;br /&gt;9 Placement learning&lt;br /&gt;10 Recruitment and admissions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Proponho-me fazer uma breve análise destas secções em outras tantas entradas, que é a melhor maneira de estudar o assunto.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112725806003876901?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112725806003876901/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112725806003876901' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112725806003876901'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112725806003876901'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/09/passos-para-qualidade.html' title='Passos para a qualidade'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112325783697109377</id><published>2005-08-05T15:23:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-08-05T23:57:41.826Z</updated><title type='text'>Roses are red...</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img style="width: 500px;" src="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/pessoal/imagens/rose.jpg" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Poucas vezes nos damos conta de como a nossa compreensão do mundo que nos rodeia é baseada em metáforas. O "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche"&gt;nicho ecológico&lt;/a&gt;" de uma espécie, por exemplo, é a "profissão" que ela ocupa no ecossistema. Percebe-se melhor do que dizer que é o volume que a espécie ocupa no hiper-espaço dos recursos disponíveis no ecossistema. E que fazemos quando &lt;a href="http://www.susansontag.com/illnessasmetaphor.htm"&gt;"lutamos" contra o cancro&lt;/a&gt; ou outras doenças? Metaforizamos, claro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Há toda uma área da filosofia dedicada ao estudo das &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_metaphor"&gt;metáforas conceptuais&lt;/a&gt;, as quais se encontram numa gama de temas que passa pela ciência mas que se estende da linguística à política.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A própria natureza é convertida em metáfora. &lt;a href="http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art11761.asp"&gt;Rosas vermelhas são&lt;/a&gt; paixão, representam o espírito creativo do amor, por exemplo, apesar de pertencerem à mesma família de plantas bastante mais prosaicas (se não menos sensuais), como as maçãs, as ameixas, as amêndoas, as cerejas, as peras, os pêssegos, os morangos...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Temos portanto um gosto por metáforas. Elas podem, no entanto, tornar-se perigosas se as tomamos pela realidade. Porque consistem na transposição de conceitos de uma área mais concreta para outra mais abstracta, simplificam-na e tornam-na mais acessível à compreensão. Mas não são a realidade, e isso deve estar presente quando decidimos agir. Ou definir uma linha de investigação.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112325783697109377?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112325783697109377/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112325783697109377' title='4 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112325783697109377'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112325783697109377'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/08/roses-are-red.html' title='Roses are red...'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112308867018778099</id><published>2005-08-03T16:50:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-08-05T16:07:04.806Z</updated><title type='text'>A importância da História</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Biologia é a ciência do histórico. Os organismos, os ecossistemas que existem hoje resultam de contingências históricas fortuitas. Falei há dias com uma bióloga recém-formada, que não percebeu o meu argumento de que não pode haver vida humanóide noutros planetas. Pois é, foi um encadeamento único de circunstâncias que levou à emergência do &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Homo sapiens&lt;/span&gt;, e nada nesse encadeamento é repetível. Na expressão de Stephen J. Gould (&lt;a href="http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/naturalhistory_cambrian.html"&gt;a propósito dos xistos de Burgess&lt;/a&gt;), se a fita fosse passada outra vez, o filme seria completamente diferente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Neste contexto, o texto de Juan Cole, professor de História da Universidade de Michigan, &lt;a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://www.juancole.com/2005/08/fisking-war-on-terror-once-upon-time.html"&gt;Fisking the "war on terror"&lt;/a&gt;, ajuda a por em perspectiva os acontecimentos actuais relacionados com o "terrorismo". E ilustra vivamente, para quem não tenha essa consciência, a importância de ter uma perspectiva histórica das coisas. Ou, dito de outra maneira, ilustra como a percepção mediática da realidade, com a sua fina espessura temporal, abre a porta a todo o tipo de distorções e serve para justificar medidas absolutamente aberrantes.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112308867018778099?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112308867018778099/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112308867018778099' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112308867018778099'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112308867018778099'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/08/importncia-da-histria.html' title='A importância da História'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112276307260223872</id><published>2005-07-30T22:21:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-07-30T23:55:23.340Z</updated><title type='text'>Ecologia</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/1600/peters1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6371/750/200/peters.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Depois de um estágio de alguns meses na minha mesa de cabeçeira, voltei a pegar no livro de Robert H. Peters "&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521395887/qid=1122762406/sr=8-1/ref=sr_8_xs_ap_i1_xgl14/104-8235271-0954333?v=glance&amp;s=books&amp;amp;n=507846"&gt;A critique for ecology&lt;/a&gt;". É um livro denso, de uma erudição extensa, causada pela preocupação do autor com fundamentar o seu argumento, examinando-o de várias perspectivas e ilustrando-o com citações e referências. Mas é um livro fundamental, que não sei como me foi possível chegar até aqui sem ler.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Espero que eu faça parte de um grupo minoritário de pessoas ligadas à Ecologia (enquanto ciência) que ainda não leu este livro. É que a mensagem nele contida é muito importante, e pode ser resumida da seguinte forma: a Ecologia está em crise porque muito dela tem falta de rigor científico e uma fraca capacidade preditiva. Muita da Ecologia usa conceitos mal definidos, coloca questões irrespondíveis, e elabora teorias não falsificáveis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quando peço aos meus alunos uma definição de Ecologia, salta logo a velha "é a ciência que estuda a relação dos seres vivos com o meio ambiente", que já vem pelo menos do 7º ano! Mas o que é que isto quer dizer, exactamente? Ou, o que vai dar no mesmo, o que é que, então, &lt;b&gt;não é&lt;/b&gt; Ecologia? Mas já pelo menos desde 1974 que &lt;a href="http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=11"&gt;Charles Krebs&lt;/a&gt; insiste que a Ecologia é o estudo científico da distribuição e abundância dos seres vivos": "where organisms are found, how many occur there, and why". Só parece pouco à primeira vista, enquanto as consequências desta definição não assentam. Depois percebe-se que esta é única forma de construir uma ciência digna desse nome.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Não sei se a situação desta disciplina se alterou desde a publicação do livro de Peters em 1991, poucos anos antes da sua morte (ver &lt;a href="http://www.iii.to.cnr.it/pubblicaz/mem55/mem55_01.pdf"&gt;obituário&lt;/a&gt;). Mas pelo menos eu estou a aprender muito...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112276307260223872?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112276307260223872/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112276307260223872' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112276307260223872'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112276307260223872'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/07/ecologia.html' title='Ecologia'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112276206771877727</id><published>2005-07-30T21:58:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-08-05T16:07:50.923Z</updated><title type='text'>Economia</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Confirmando a minha rebelião com o domínio da "economia" sobre o discurso político actual, e com a forma como a percepção geral do mundo económico encaminha este planeta para o caos, li hoje o artigo de Gordon Bigelow para a &lt;a href="http://www.harpers.org/index.html"&gt;Harper's&lt;/a&gt; ("&lt;a href="http://www.mindfully.org/Industry/2005/Evangelical-Economics1may05.htm"&gt;Let There Be Markets: The Evangelical Roots of Economics&lt;/a&gt;", que arquivei &lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/home/jazevedo/public_html/pessoal/textos/Bigelow_G.Evangelic_Roots_Economics.pdf"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bigelow desmonta a retórica dos "mercados" e respectiva "liberdade" mostrando como a base das principais teorias económicas está errada. Se, como é óbvio para todos menos para prémios Nobel da Economia, as pessoas não tomam as suas decisões económicas pensando exclusivamente nelas próprias e usando uma racionalidade absoluta, a pretensiosidade científica das correntes teorias económicas neoclássicas esfuma-se.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Este artigo mostra a perigosidade deste conceito de mercado livre usando exemplos de falhanços espectaculares, como o da &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hunger"&gt;grande fome da batata&lt;/a&gt;, na Irlanda de meados do séc. XIX, em que morreram mais de 1 milhão de pessoas. Mas mostra também que a génese destes conceitos económicos está nos preconceitos cristãos evangélicos, os mesmos que ainda hoje dominam o mundo a partir de Washington e estão muito perto de provocar uma hecatombe sem paralelo na história humana.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112276206771877727?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112276206771877727/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112276206771877727' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112276206771877727'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112276206771877727'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/07/economia.html' title='Economia'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112231599270945127</id><published>2005-07-25T17:38:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-07-25T18:26:32.733Z</updated><title type='text'>Liberdade</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.kn.com.au/networks/2005/07/jean_charles_de.html" title="Ler comentário"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/pessoal/imagens/jcmenezes.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:78%;" &gt;Jean Charles Menezes, † Londres, 22 Julho 2005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;They that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.quotationspage.com/quote/1381.html"&gt;Benjamin Franklin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112231599270945127?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112231599270945127/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112231599270945127' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112231599270945127'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112231599270945127'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/07/liberdade.html' title='Liberdade'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112177349109765273</id><published>2005-07-19T10:59:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-07-19T14:06:32.900Z</updated><title type='text'>Irracionalidades</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/pessoal/imagens/Alexander_cuts_the_Gordian_Knot.jpg" title="Alexandre, o Grande, corta o nó górdio, por Jean-Simon Berthélemy (1743—1811)" width="400" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Estamos ainda muito longe de eliminar as irracionalidades no nosso sistema de ensino superior. Tudo está disfuncional e desorganizado, começando no esquema de financiamento, passando pelo &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;numerus clausus&lt;/span&gt;   e pelo estatuto da carreira docente e acabando na (des)estruturação pedagógica dos cursos. Muitos docentes e gestores universitários estão alheados das causas profundas da actual crise, e muitos dos que têm alguma ideia dos problemas estão enredados nas malhas do imobilismo próprio e alheio. &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Não admira pois encontrar comentários como os de &lt;a href="http://pwp.netcabo.pt/jvcosta/autor.html"&gt;João Vasconcelos Costa&lt;/a&gt;, no seu &lt;a href="http://pwp.netcabo.pt/jvcosta/artigos/vagas_2005.html"&gt;último artigo&lt;/a&gt;, de que tenho o gosto de transcrever:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote style="font-style: italic;"&gt;A Universidade dos Açores abriu uma nova licenciatura em Biotecnologia. Disto sei eu alguma coisa. É um exemplo típico de uma actividade interdisciplinar, a nível de pós-graduação, integrando em equipa biólogos, químicos, engenheiros, informáticos. Quem pensa que pode haver hoje uma licenciatura em biotecnologia, ainda por cima nos Açores, anda nas nuvens acerca da biotecnologia.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Outra nova licenciatura da UAç é em Ecoturismo, para 20 alunos. Num ano, saturam o mercado de emprego. Ao mesmo tempo, abrem também uma nova licenciatura em Património Cultural. Só falta também, nesta licenciatura, um ramo de restauro. Porque não ainda mais especializada, em ecoturismo e património cultural da minha querida freguesia da Ribeira Seca, a tal em que, em tempos idos, se deixava a chave na porta para os vizinhos poderem entrar?&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aparecerem ofertas deste género (e alunos que as frequentam), como JVC bem sabe, é sintoma da irracionalidade instalada no sistema. Eu até estive envolvido na génese da licenciatura em Ecoturismo, embora numa perspectiva de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;damage control&lt;/span&gt;, e não me sinto particularmente satisfeito com a minha contribuição. O que me aflige é encontrar a ponta da meada. Por onde começa a reforma? Pelo Ministério? Pelos reitores? Pelos departamentos? Individualmente? Ou precisamos de um &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_knot"&gt;Alexandre&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112177349109765273?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112177349109765273/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112177349109765273' title='3 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112177349109765273'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112177349109765273'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/07/irracionalidades.html' title='Irracionalidades'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112112326248276212</id><published>2005-07-11T22:18:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-07-11T23:07:42.496Z</updated><title type='text'>Nuclear</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;O ano passado &lt;a href="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/pessoal/blog2004.htm"&gt;descobri&lt;/a&gt; que o James Lovelock via no nuclear a saída para o problema do aquecimento global. Justificando com base na necessidade urgente de abandonar os combustíveis fósseis, Lovelock diz que os medos da radiação são irracionais e que a energia nuclear é a mais segura de todas. Achei piada ao argumento, mas fiquei com uma pergunta sem resposta: "E o destino final do material radioactivo? Se já neste momento é problemático, o que aconteceria se a energia nuclear fosse adoptada em grande escala?"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agora li uma série de artigos por Peter Bunyard no sítio do Institute of Science in Society sobre este tema. Deixo aqui o registo, para contrabalançar. Num &lt;a href="http://www.i-sis.org.uk/ESIGW.php"&gt;primeiro artigo&lt;/a&gt;, este autor lança argumentos económicos (a energia é muito cara, porque pesadamente subsidiada) e de segurança (o plutónio pode ser utilizada por terroristas, e há sempre o risco de fugas e acidentes); no &lt;a href="http://www.i-sis.org.uk/DTNPM.php"&gt;segundo&lt;/a&gt;, argumenta que a quantidade de urânio é limitada e que, se contabilizarmos a energia necessária para a respectiva extracção e enriquecimento (onde são utilizados combustíveis fósseis), as centrais térmicas produzem menos CO2 por kW.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bunyard afirma que nos EUA não houve encomendas de novos reactores nucleares civis desde 1973. Faz pensar...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112112326248276212?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112112326248276212/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112112326248276212' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112112326248276212'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112112326248276212'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/07/nuclear.html' title='Nuclear'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112107777111663828</id><published>2005-07-11T10:27:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-07-12T13:46:39.636Z</updated><title type='text'>Vacas loucas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/pessoal/imagens/MadCow_550x490.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Os excelentes cartoons de Mr. Fish podem ser vistos &lt;a href="http://www.harpers.org/Cartoon.html"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt; e &lt;a href="http://www.cagle.com/news/MrFish/main.asp"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Infelizmente não vai acontecer. Se alguma coisa mudar na nossa relação com a natureza terá que vir das nossas mãos. E, pelo caminho por que vamos, não tenho muita esperança. Note-se que a &lt;a href="http://www.makepovertyhistory.org/response.shtml"&gt;única resposta positiva&lt;/a&gt; dada pelos G8 às solicitações do movimento Make Poverty History (para ir buscar uma coisa muito mediática) teve a ver com o fornecimento de medicamentos para a sida. Sou só eu a notar algum padrão aqui?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112107777111663828?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112107777111663828/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112107777111663828' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112107777111663828'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112107777111663828'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/07/vacas-loucas.html' title='Vacas loucas'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-112077886870333587</id><published>2005-07-07T23:13:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-07-07T23:28:43.590Z</updated><title type='text'>Sinto-me só como um seixo de praia</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Sinto-me só como um seixo de praia&lt;br /&gt;Vivendo à busca no cristal das ondas,&lt;br /&gt;Não sei se sou o que não sou. Pressinto&lt;br /&gt;Que a maré vai morar no fundo d'alma.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Calo-me sempre se te escuto vindo&lt;br /&gt;Marulho de incerteza e de agonia;&lt;br /&gt;Há crenças deslizando nos meus traços,&lt;br /&gt;Molhando a estátua do meu sonho antigo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Declino-me nas frases dos rochedos&lt;br /&gt;Nas pérolas de som do inesquecer&lt;br /&gt;Na incrível sombra da montanha adulta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E ao me curvar ao peso da memória,&lt;br /&gt;Descubro meu reflexo obscuro&lt;br /&gt;Num soneto de espumas inexatas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.viniciusdemoraes.com.br/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Vinicius de Moraes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-112077886870333587?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/112077886870333587/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=112077886870333587' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112077886870333587'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/112077886870333587'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/07/sinto-me-s-como-um-seixo-de-praia.html' title='Sinto-me só como um seixo de praia'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-111930196229297659</id><published>2005-06-20T21:01:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-06-20T22:14:56.433Z</updated><title type='text'>O valor da união</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perante os problemas que se deparam à UA no presente contexto nacional e internacional, será preciso um grande esforço de todos no sentido de fazer as mudanças necessárias à sobrevivência. Lembrei-me por isso deste desenho de &lt;a href="http://www.newint.org/issue376/essay.htm"&gt;Ken Sprague&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/pessoal/imagens/ken-sprague-fish.gif" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-111930196229297659?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/111930196229297659/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=111930196229297659' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/111930196229297659'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/111930196229297659'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/06/o-valor-da-unio.html' title='O valor da união'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-111919450501174368</id><published>2005-06-19T15:16:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-06-20T22:58:56.096Z</updated><title type='text'>CV ou Resumé?</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um dos momentos mais marcantes quando se acaba um curso é sem dúvida o da preparação do currículo. E tenho dados muitos conselhos a alunos acerca disto, embora eu próprio tenha pouca experiência nesta área (pois, ainda sou do tempo em que se faziam contratos vitalícios...).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Há dias &lt;a href="http://www.searchmastersinternational.com/eprise/main/web/us/smi/en/candidates_career_dev_resume_cv"&gt;li sobre a diferença&lt;/a&gt; entre um CV e aquilo que os americanos chamam um &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;resumé&lt;/span&gt;. Para além da diferença do primeiro ser usado na Europa e o segundo nos EUA, há também questões de contexto e de objectivos. Um CV é sobretudo utilizado em contextos académicos, para documentar o percurso do seu autor. Um &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;resumé&lt;/span&gt;  é utilizado em contextos profissionais, sendo bastante mais curto.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hoje descobri estas &lt;a href="http://www.msn.com.br/financas/especial/default.asp?id=futuropatr7"&gt;indicações sobre a preparação de um CV&lt;/a&gt; que me parecem muito pertinentes, e resolvi deixá-las aqui, para benefício dos alunos que sei que lêm este blogue de vez em quando. Mas também aponto para &lt;a href="http://www.rockportinstitute.com/resumes.html"&gt;estas páginas&lt;/a&gt; sobre a escrita de um &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;resumé&lt;/span&gt;, e para o &lt;a href="http://www.collegegrad.com/"&gt;CollegeGrad.com&lt;/a&gt;, onde podem ser descarregados exemplos de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;resumés&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;a href="http://www.collegegrad.com/resumes/quickstart/biology.shtml"&gt;como este&lt;/a&gt;, para um biólogo recém-licenciado)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-111919450501174368?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/111919450501174368/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=111919450501174368' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/111919450501174368'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/111919450501174368'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/06/cv-ou-resum.html' title='CV ou &lt;i&gt;Resumé&lt;/i&gt;?'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-111891803373446484</id><published>2005-06-16T09:49:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-06-16T10:37:18.816Z</updated><title type='text'>Desenvolvimento epistemológico</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;É possível de alguma forma sobrepôr uma perspectiva temporal e de desenvolvimento pessoal à taxonomia de Bloom. Assim, em 1968, William Perry &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0787941182/qid=1118918144/sr=8-1/ref=sr_8_xs_ap_i1_xgl14/104-8235271-0954333?v=glance&amp;s=books&amp;n=507846"&gt;publicou&lt;/a&gt; um esquema de desenvolvimento epistemológico que ainda hoje é usado e que tem pontos interessantes. Neste esquema o estudante começa num estado dualista, em que "o &lt;i&gt;conhecimento&lt;/i&gt; é visto como objectivo e definitivo, um conjunto de factos que constitui a verdade acerca de um assunto que deve ser distinguido da &lt;i&gt;opinião&lt;/i&gt;, que não pode ser provada". À medida que se apercebem da natureza multifacetada do conhecimento, os estudantes passam por uma fase em que admitem que "o conhecimento depende do esforço pessoal de organização e interpretação da informação disponível, sendo uma interpretação tão boa como outra qualquer". Na fase final, o estudante "tem a percepção de que o conhecimento é melhor expresso como níveis ascendentes de consciência, no qual o indivíduo deve evoluir para novas perspectivas, libertando-se das que já não são úteis".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tenho estado a basear-me e a traduzir de um texto de &lt;a href="http://www.indiana.edu/%7El506/theoryframe/506Model.htm"&gt;Sharon Pugh&lt;/a&gt; (arquivado &lt;a href="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/pessoal/textos/perry_scheme.pdf"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;), onde este modelo é descrito e complementado com descrições de outros modelos similares.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A aplicação deste esquema às áreas científicas sugere que a generalidade dos alunos (e dos professores) estão presos nos primeiros estados de desenvolvimento, são sub-desenvolvidos epistemológicos :-) E discutir estes assuntos, ou pelo menos ter consciência deles, parece-me importante num contexto de alteração radical dos paradigmas do ensino. Que é o que se pretende. Ou não?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-111891803373446484?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/111891803373446484/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=111891803373446484' title='4 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/111891803373446484'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/111891803373446484'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/06/desenvolvimento-epistemolgico.html' title='Desenvolvimento epistemológico'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-111891277782558727</id><published>2005-06-16T08:31:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-06-16T09:46:51.916Z</updated><title type='text'>Nova taxonomia dos objectivos educacionais</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nunca tendo tido formação pedagógica, foi só este ano que vim a saber que existe uma coisa chamada "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_education_objectives"&gt;Taxonomia de Bloom&lt;/a&gt;", que classifica os graus de desenvolvimento cognitivo em &lt;a href="http://www.webquest.futuro.usp.br/recursos/bloom.html"&gt;6 níveis&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Conhecimento&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Compreensão&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Aplicação&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Análise&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Síntese&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Avaliação&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ol&gt; Muito recentemente, no entanto, foi editado um &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0321084055/qid=1118911598/sr=8-1/ref=sr_8_xs_ap_i1_xgl14/104-8235271-0954333?v=glance&amp;s=books&amp;amp;n=507846"&gt;livro por Lorin W. Anderson e David Krathwohl&lt;/a&gt; que, após um trabalho enciclopédico, vem actualizar a taxonomia de Bloom, que já tem quase 50 anos. Não li o livro, mas li uma excelente &lt;a href="http://www.pilambda.org/horizons/v83-3/v83-3.pdf"&gt;recensão por Jack Conklin&lt;/a&gt;. O novo modelo tem a seguinte estrutura:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Lembrar (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Remember&lt;/span&gt; )&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Compreender (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Understand&lt;/span&gt; )&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Aplicar (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Apply &lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Analisar (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Analyse &lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Avalia (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Evaluate &lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;   &lt;li&gt;Criar (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Create &lt;/span&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ol&gt; Para além de trocarem a ordem dos dois últimos graus, os autores adoptam novas designações que, para além de menos ambíguas, dão ênfase ao que o aluno aprendeu e é capaz de fazer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aqueles autores cruzam esta lista com a dos diferentes tipos de conhecimento e obtêm a seguinte matriz, que resume o novo modelo:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/pessoal/textos/bloom2.gif" title="Nova  taxonomia de Bloom" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E, como eu também não sabia o que era, aqui fica uma definição de &lt;a href="http://www.gse.buffalo.edu/fas/shuell/cep564/Metacog.htm"&gt;conhecimento metacognitivo&lt;/a&gt; (arquivada &lt;a href="http://www.uac.pt/%7Ejazevedo/pessoal/textos/Metacognition.pdf"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;), o conhecimento do nosso próprio conhecimento.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-111891277782558727?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/111891277782558727/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=111891277782558727' title='8 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/111891277782558727'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/111891277782558727'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/06/nova-taxonomia-dos-objectivos.html' title='Nova taxonomia dos objectivos educacionais'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>8</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-111783322104547091</id><published>2005-06-14T02:11:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-06-14T02:04:27.276Z</updated><title type='text'>Os livros da minha vida: 4 - Artificial Life, Steven Levy</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/img/59/2355/640/artlife1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img class="phostImg" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/img/59/2355/320/artlife.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A minha leitura de &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0679743898/qid=1117833095/sr=8-1/ref=pd_csp_1/103-5907251-6430241?v=glance&amp;s=books&amp;amp;amp;n=507846"&gt;Artificial Life&lt;/a&gt; surge na sequência das pistas deixadas em Jurassic Park, e abriu-me o mundo das ciências da complexidade e das suas implicações em todas as áreas, da ciência à política. Lembro-me de ter ficado surpreendido na altura por ser doutorado em Biologia e não ter à mão uma definição de "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life"&gt;vida&lt;/a&gt;". Devemos ser a única profissão que não consegue definir o seu campo de estudo...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  As minhas leituras sobre a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_life"&gt;origem da vida&lt;/a&gt; e sobre a própria &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_life"&gt;história da vida&lt;/a&gt; (recomendo, a este propósito, R. Fortey, &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/000638420X/qid=1118713259/sr=1-6/ref=sr_1_3_6/202-4770620-3103068"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Life: An Unauthorized Biography&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;), mudaram a minha percepção da Biologia. O clique, desta vez, foi pôr toda a pilha de informação sobre os seres vivos actuais num contexto histórico e geológico. Pois não faz muito mais sentido estudar as coisas assim, integradas, em vez de obrigar as pessoas a memorizar factos desconexos? Mas foi o que me fizeram e, tanto quanto sei, continuam a fazer: duvido que haja muitos cursos de Biologia onde a problemática da origem da vida seja abordada (isso é deixado aos físicos!) ou onde as Zoologias e Botânicas do tempo do Darwin tenham substituídas por uma abordagem integrada e contextualizada (isso é deixado, pasme-se, aos geólogos!). Falar-se-á das novas visões da relação entre os &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_%28biology%29"&gt;grandes grupos de seres vivos&lt;/a&gt;? Falar-se-á da &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosymbiotic_hypothesis"&gt;teoria endosimbiótica&lt;/a&gt;? Não sei, mas duvido. Poi se ainda recentemente, no contexto da reestruturação das áreas disciplinares do Departamento, se continuava a defender a separação em Zoologia e Botânica...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-111783322104547091?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/111783322104547091/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=111783322104547091' title='4 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/111783322104547091'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/111783322104547091'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/06/os-livros-da-minha-vida-4-artificial.html' title='Os livros da minha vida: 4 - &lt;i&gt;Artificial Life&lt;/i&gt;, Steven Levy'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-111867580346916129</id><published>2005-06-13T15:10:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-06-13T15:18:27.966Z</updated><title type='text'>Porque morreu um poeta...</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Eugénio de Andrade&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;As Mãos e os Frutos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Passamos pelas coisas sem as ver,&lt;br /&gt;gastos, como animais envelhecidos:&lt;br /&gt;se alguém chama por nós não respondemos,&lt;br /&gt;se alguém nos pede amor não estremecemos,&lt;br /&gt;como frutos de sombra sem sabor,&lt;br /&gt;vamos caindo ao chão, apodrecidos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-111867580346916129?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/111867580346916129/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=111867580346916129' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/111867580346916129'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/111867580346916129'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/06/porque-morreu-um-poeta.html' title='Porque morreu um poeta...'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12257128.post-111861805767415532</id><published>2005-06-12T23:14:00.000Z</published><updated>2005-06-12T23:38:22.430Z</updated><title type='text'>Super-organismos e especialização</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/img/59/2355/640/evolve.jpg"&gt;&lt;img class="phostImg" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/img/59/2355/640/evolve.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Muitos biólogos pensarão que a evolução da espécie humana parou. De facto, muitas das pressões selectivas que nos moldaram no passado desapareceram- pelo menos para aqueles suficientemente sortudos para terem nascido do lado certo do planeta. Mas continuamos de facto a evoluir. Não talvez no sentido físico: nada nos transformará nas criaturas frágeis de cérebros gigantescos da FC dos anos 60. Mas a internet pode ser o início do sistema nervoso de um super-organismo, em que cada pessoa terá a individualidade de uma abelha num enxame. É uma idéia muito plausível, que ocupa gente como &lt;a href="http://pcp.lanl.gov/HEYL.html"&gt;Francis Heylighen&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Coisas complicadas são sempre melhor entendidas com ficção- eu, por exemplo, decidi escrever esta entrada depois de ter lido a &lt;a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.04/viermenhouk_pr.html"&gt;sátira na Wired&lt;/a&gt;, e me ter lembrado de um texto do Lazarus Long (aliás R. A. Heinlein):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;i&gt;A human being should be able to change a diaper, plan an invasion, butcher a hog, conn a ship, design a building, write a sonnet, balance accounts, build a wall, set a bone, comfort the dying, take orders, give orders, cooperate, act alone, solve equations, analyze a new problem, pitch manure, program a computer, cook a tasty meal, fight efficiently, die gallantly. Specialization is for insects.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12257128-111861805767415532?l=biosofia.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/feeds/111861805767415532/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12257128&amp;postID=111861805767415532' title='6 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/111861805767415532'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12257128/posts/default/111861805767415532'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://biosofia.blogspot.com/2005/06/super-organismos-e-especializao.html' title='Super-organismos e especialização'/><author><name>José Manuel N. Azevedo</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/114668556278013835716</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-O-Xlxfo5Ax0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6c1HA0HJhh4/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry></feed>
